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Biochemistry > DNA, RNA & DNA Replication > Flashcards

DNA, RNA & DNA Replication Flashcards

1
Q

RNA primers on RNA strands are made by ____.

A

DNA primase

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2
Q

What are the short DNA molecules of the lagging strand called?

A

Okazaki fragments

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3
Q

____ catalyzes the addition of DNA-triphosphate to the 3’-OH end (the primer strand) of a polynucleotide chain that is then paired to a second template strand.

A

DNA polymerase

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4
Q

Can the RNA of prokaryotes be translated into proteins during the transcription process in prokaryotes? Why?

A

YES; no nuclear membrane

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5
Q

What are the regions at the 3’ and 5’ ends of DNA that do not encode for proteins?

A

untranslated regions (UTRs)

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6
Q

What bases is RNA composed of?

A

A-U C-G

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7
Q

The strands of DNA run ____.

A

antiparallel (5’ to 3’ and 3’ to 5’)

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8
Q

Is DNA replication asymmetrical?

A

YES

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9
Q

What makes RNA more easily degradable?

A

the presence of the two hydroxyl (OH) groups make it degradable under alkaline conditions

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10
Q

The base pairs are ____ bonded.

A

hydrogen

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11
Q

Can un/non-translated regions (UTRs) be transcribed?

A

YES (just not translated into proteins)

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12
Q

In prokaryotes DNA is condensed by _____; in eukaryotes DNA is condensed into _____.

A

polyamines/proteins; nucleosomes and then chromosomes

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13
Q

What did Watson and Crick’s model prove?

A

Chargaff’s Rule (A=T; C=G)

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14
Q

44 chromosomes are called ____; 2 chromosomes are ___.

A

autosomes; sex chromosomes

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15
Q

Are RNA primers used on both leading and lagging strands?

A

YES - leading needs only 1; lagging needs many

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16
Q

The process of protein synthesis is called ____.

A

translation

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17
Q

Does the DNA polymerase insert the appropriate base pairs into the primer strand?

A

YES

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18
Q

What causes the major and minor grooves in the DNA helix?

A

CG is connected with 3 bonds; AT is connected with 2 bonds

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19
Q

Why is DNA primase important?

A

by making the 3’OH end available on the end of its short polynucleotide for DNA polymerase to initiate and complete the lagging strand using Okazaki fragments

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20
Q

____ contain a lot of regulatory elements.

A

Un/non-translated regions (UTRs)

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21
Q

What can DNA polymerase do? What can it not do?

A

CAN add base pairs & proofread & correct mistakes

CANNOT start new chains/strands

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22
Q

During what phase of the cell cycle does DNA replication occur?

A

M phase

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23
Q

What information must be removed from the template strand in order for DNA to be copied?

A

intronic information

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24
Q

Is DNA or RNA extremely stable?

A

DNA; RNA is degradable

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25
Q

What drives the energy behind the addition of a new base pair?

A

the hydrolysis reaction of the OH group on the nucleotide to attack the pyrophosphate group

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26
Q

DNA ligase functions using ATP. How is this ATP generated?

A

the hydrolysis of the 5’-triphosphate from the hydroxyl group located between the broken phosphodiester bond

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27
Q

Name the pyrimidine bases.

A

cytosine
uracil
thymine

28
Q

____ is relaxed and transcriptionally active; ____ is condensed and is not transcriptionally active.

A

Euchromatin; heterochromatin

29
Q

Our genetic ____ is the full set of proteins in our bodies.

A

proteome

30
Q

What are the three steps that give rise to high-fidelity DNA synthesis?

A

5’-to-3’ polymerization
3’-to-5’ exonucleolytic proofreading
strand-directed mismatch pair

31
Q

Why can each strand of DNA be used as a template for the synthesis of a new strand of DNA?

A

because the strands are complementary to each other

32
Q

Does transcription start at a specific site?

A

YES (transcription start site in UTR)

33
Q

Why do replication forks move in opposite directions?

A

because DNA synthesis always proceeds in the 5’-to-3’ direction

34
Q

What is the central dogma of genetics?

A

DNA&raquo_space; RNA&raquo_space; protein

35
Q

____ is when primary transcripts of eukaryotes are spliced in multiple combinations of exons?

A

Alternative splicing

36
Q

In DNA and RNA, there is a ____ sugar connection.

A

ribose sugar

37
Q

Name the purine bases.

A

adenine

guanine

38
Q

The old RNA primase is ____ and ____ joins the Okazaki fragment and chain via nick sealing.

A

removed; DNA ligase

39
Q

DNA replication leads to 2 ___ strands.

A

daughter

40
Q

Why do patients with Werner syndrome have cells that stop dividing or divide much more slowly?

A

because the mutation in DNA helicase prevents the “unzipping” of DNA for replication and allows damaged DNA to build up in the body

41
Q

What is the “proofreading function” of DNA polymerase?

A

exonuclease activity that runs in the 3’ to 5’ direction

42
Q

OH is to ____, whereas H is to ____ in the DNA/RNA structures.

A

RNA (ribose); DNA (doexyribose)

43
Q

____ adds to DNA strand; ____ removes from DNA strand.

A

Polymerase activity; exonuclease activity

44
Q

Origins of replication are rich in __ and __ base pairs.

A

Adenine; Thymine

45
Q

The ____ is why DNA polymerase has such a high fidelity (reliability).

A

exonuclease proofreading activity (self-correcting enzyme)

46
Q

After one strand of DNA is copied, introns are removed by a process called ____.

A

splicing

47
Q

___ and ___ assist the DNA polymerase in its movement.

A

Sliding clamp; clamp loader

48
Q

In DNA, what are the regions of sequence that give rise to the protein sequence?

A

exons (coding regions)

49
Q

The sugar-phosphate backbone plus the base makeup the DNA _____.

A

nucleotide

50
Q

The ____ strand is the daughter strand synthesized continuously; the ____ strand is the daughter strand synthesized discontinously.

A

leading (towards fork); lagging (away from fork)

51
Q

The 3’ end has the free ____ group; the 5’ end has the free ____ group.

A

hydroxyl; phosphate

52
Q

Why can genetic material be translated directly into proteins in prokaryotic organisms?

A

because in prokaryotic organisms the DNA is organized linearly and the transcription of DNA to RNA results in a copy of RNA ready for use immediately for protein synthesis

53
Q

Which way are newly synthesized DNA or RNA strands synthesized in?

A

5’-to-3’ direction

54
Q

What bases is DNA composed of?

A

A-T C-G

55
Q

Added ____ to the nucleoside are labeled mono-, di-, and tri- nucleosides.

A

phosphates

56
Q

These proteins “unzip” DNA after hydrolysing ATP for energy.

A

DNA helicases

57
Q

What can DNA primase do that DNA polymerase cannot?

A

DNA primase can start a new polynucleotide chain by joining two nucleoside triphosphate together

58
Q

Which enzyme is present on our fingertips that can degrade RNA in specimens?

A

ribonuclease

59
Q

_____ syndrome is associated with a mutation in DNA helicase.

A

Werner

60
Q

These proteins are unable to “unzip” DNA, but stabilize the unwound helix, preventing “hairpin” helices that would impede DNA synthesis.

A

single-strand DNA-binding proteins (helix stabilizing proteins)

61
Q

The removal of ____ must happen before the template RNA can be matured as an mRNA template for protein synthesis.

A

introns

62
Q

What are the noncoding regions of DNA called?

A

introns

63
Q

DNA polymerase builds off of which end of the DNA primer strand?

A

3’ with the OH group

64
Q

The base combined with the ribose moiety is called a _____.

A

nucleoside

65
Q

What likely happened during the primary transcription of a family of proteins called GKTT that have only slightly different functions, regulation, and tissue specificity?

A

alternative splicing

66
Q

Why are RNA primers needed for DNA synthesis?

A

self-correcting DNA polymerase CANNOT start chains

67
Q

Where is the sugar-phosphate backbone located int regards to the DNA base pairs?

A

outside of the helix

Biochemistry (17 decks)

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