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Biochemistry > Protein Synthesis and Protein Function > Flashcards

Protein Synthesis and Protein Function Flashcards

1
Q

During which phase of amelogenesis do the tall columnar ameloblasts begin to secrete constituents to form the enamel layer?

A

secretory stage

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2
Q

Can small changes in an amino acid sequence have an effect on protein structure and function?

A

YES, profound, due to vastly different side chain constituents

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3
Q

____ cleaves amelogenin, ameloblastin, and enamelin at the secretory stage to produce stable intermediates.

A

Mmp-20

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4
Q

____ beta-sheets have long loops; ____ have short stretches.

A

Parallel; anti-parallel

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5
Q

Protein motifs ____.

A

are small regions of protein structure with unique functions; often used to classify families of proteins with similar functions

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6
Q

____ generally have biological significance.

A

Sequence motifs (found in proteins, RNA, and DNA)

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7
Q

Which component forms first in cementum?

A

acellular cementum from dental follicle cementoblasts; THEN, cellular cementum from adjacent bone

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8
Q

____ have specific sequences that they like to cleave.

A

Proteolytic enzymes

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9
Q

Domains can be built up of one or several ___.

A

motifs

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10
Q

Can a single protein have more than one motif and domain?

A

absolutely

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11
Q

What is the main extracellular matrix molecule associated with dentin?

A

Type I collagen

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12
Q

Which protein digests enamel proteins during the maturation stage to facilitate hardening and enamel maturation?

A

Kallikrin 4

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13
Q

What creates the tooth germ?

A

ectoderm and ectomesenchyme from neural crest

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14
Q

Odontoblast processes are like “pipes” because ____ moves through them constantly.

A

fluid

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15
Q

What do periodontal ligament cells secrete?

A

collagen

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16
Q

What is the primary sequence of proteins?

A

amino acids and sequences

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17
Q

____ do not necessarily predict biological function.

A

Structural motifs (3D arrangement)

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18
Q

What is the quaternary structure of protein?

A

multiple chains (called subunits) held together by the same forces as tertiary structure

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19
Q

What direction do odontoblasts move? What do they form?

A

towards the center of the tooth; odontoblast process

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20
Q

______ stabilizes amorphous calcium phase, controls apatite crystal morphology, and controls enamel thickness during development.

A

Amelogenin

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21
Q

The dental follicle gives rise to ____.

A

cementoblasts, then cementum
fibroblasts, then periodontal ligament
osteoblasts, then alveolar bone

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22
Q

What components created in Phase 4 of amelogenesis eventually make up enamel once they coalesce?

A

rods

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23
Q

What is the purpose of the periodontal ligament?

A

it buffers the force of mastication

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24
Q

The Wnt/beta-catenin pathway is important in which kind of maxillofacial development?

A

tooth development

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25
Q

You’ve discovered a family of similar proteins. What type of protein character might they share?

A

protein motifs

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26
Q

What type of structure is a right-handed triple helix of procollagen chains?

A

quaternary structure

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27
Q

Where is enamel formed?

A

on the dentin layer

28
Q

Cementum is made up of ___ and other proteins such as ____.

A

collagen; osteopontin/osteocalcin/osteonectin/SPARC/BSP/BAG-75

29
Q

Which protein is a cell adhesion protein and controls cell differentiation and maintains rod integrity?

A

Ameloblastin

30
Q

What are secondary structures of proteins?

A

alpha-helices and beta-sheets

31
Q

What is the function of the Hedgehog ligand family?

A

Shh controls cell survival, growth, and fate

32
Q

The expression of genes in the ectoderm influences gene expression in the mesenchyme and then repeats. This is called ____ in tooth formation.

A

reciprocal induction

33
Q

What protein is removed as apatite crystals begin to grow?

A

amelogenin

34
Q

Where are the two genes for amelogenin located?

A

one on the X chromosome and one on the Y chromosome

35
Q

Ameloblasts are comprised of ___ and ___.

A

amelogenin; enamelin

36
Q

Which dentin proteins are mineralization inhibitors?

A

osteopontin and MEPE

37
Q

What does the odontoblast process secrete?

A

hydroxyapatite crystals to mineralize matrix and form mantle dentin

38
Q

What are protein domains?

A

structural entities; part of the protein that can evolve, interact, and exist independently of the protein

39
Q

Why is the amount of DMP1 in the body dictated by osteocyte production?

A

because there are so many more osteocytes in the body than odontoblasts (immature cells)

40
Q

What does TGF-beta do?

A

acts in embryological development and cell differentiation

41
Q

Odontoblasts differentiate from which cells?

A

cells in the dental papilla

42
Q

What are some notable protein sequence motifs?

A 
proteolytic enzyme cleavage sites
phosphorylation sites
binding motifs
transmembrane spanning sequences
protein secretion leader sequences
43
Q

What do many DNA sequence motif databases catalog specifically in DNA?

A

known promoter and transcription factor binding sequences in DNA

44
Q

____ helps amelogenin control mineral nucleation and elongated growth.

A

Enamelin

45
Q

Which two proteins drive most of enamelogenesis?

A

amelogenin and ameloblastin

46
Q

Amelogenin does NOT contains ____ or ____. What is it high in?

A

hydroxyproline; cystine

HIGH IN: proline, leucine, histidine & glutamine

47
Q

Enamel is formed by ____.

A

ameloblasts

48
Q

What do sterics have to do with proteins?

A

steric hindrance of certain side chains can prohibit these amino acids from being part of the sequence

49
Q

What kind of material is enamel? Does it have cells?

A

it is acellular

50
Q

What are the structural motifs found in transcription factors?

A

helix-loop-helix, helix-turn-helix, Zinc Finger

51
Q

What are the first components used in Phase 1 of amelogenesis?

A

calcium and phosphate ions; amelogenin protein

52
Q

When does dentin form?

A

before the formation of enamel (using reciprocal induction)

53
Q

What to receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) do?

A

involved in cell growth, motility, and differentiation

54
Q

What protein is involved in hydroxyapatite binding?

A

osteopontin as a mineralization inhibitor

55
Q

What are repeat elements?

A

they are repeated elements found copied in thousands and thousands of portions of DNA (also considered motifs)

56
Q

What are the tertiary structures of proteins?

A

3D folding driven by functional group interactions

57
Q

What are the SIBLING family proteins?

A 
DSPP
DMP1
bone sialoprotein
osteopontin
MEPE
58
Q

What is the periodontal ligament formed from? Where do these cells originate from?

A

fibroblast cells; dental follicle

59
Q

____ secrete their organic matrix around the area adjacent to inner enamel epithelium.

A

Odontoblasts

60
Q

What protein self-assembles into nanosperes and guides the hydroxyapatite crystal formation and growth?

A

Amelogenin

61
Q

During which phase of amelogenesis do the ameloblasts move away from the enamel being formed and eventually degrade?

A

maturation stage

62
Q

Is the TATA box a motif?

A

YES

63
Q

Transmembrane-spanning proteins are organized in alpha-helices and are ___.

A

HYDROPHOBIC

64
Q

The amount of DMP1 in the body is largely dictated by ____.

A

osteocyte production

65
Q

The dental papilla gives rise to ____.

A

odontoblasts, then dentin

undifferentiated mesenchymal cells, then pulp

66
Q

The enamel organ gives rise to ____.

A

ameloblasts, then enamel

Biochemistry (17 decks)

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