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Biochemistry > Blood Coagulation & Wound Healing > Flashcards

Blood Coagulation & Wound Healing Flashcards

1
Q

What do platelets secrete after sticking to collagen in a release reaction?

A

ADP, serotonin and thromboxane A

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2
Q

The formation of carboxyglutamate is formed by a _____-dependent enzyme (protein carboxylase)

A

vitamin K

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3
Q

What is primary hemostasis?

A

the vasoconstriction and platelet response

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4
Q

What do PGH2 and prostacyclin synthetase produce?

A

prostacyclin (PGI2) to PGF (by endothelial cells)

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5
Q

Fibrin strands adhere to the plug to form an _____ .

A

insoluble clot

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6
Q

Which regulatory element is activated by thrombin bound to thrombomodulin then degrades factors VIIIa and Va?

A

Protein C

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7
Q

What causes a bruise?

A

the accumulation of blood from a broken vessel

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8
Q

Platelets stick to ____ and undergo a ____.

A

collagen; release reaction

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9
Q

When bound to the fibrin clot, plasminogen _____, which then allows it to be converted into active plasmin.

A

changes conformation

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10
Q

What is the purpose of von Willebrand factor?

A

it is associated with subendothelial connective tissue; it serves as a bridge between platelet, glycoprotein GPIb/IX and collagen

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11
Q

Platelets _____ and pump their alpha and dense granules into the area.

A

de-granulate

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12
Q

Fibrin generation occurs ______ to platelet aggregation.

A

simultaneously

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13
Q

What are some adhesion molecules?

A

von Willebrand factor, fibrinogen, integrin, fibronectin

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14
Q

Which signaling molecules cause platelets to undergo platelet release reaction?

A

ADP and thromboxane A2

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15
Q

What are stored in/secreted by dense granules?

A

ADP/ATP, serotonin, Ca++, epinephrine, and histamine

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16
Q

Vitamin K is part of the ____ family structure.

A

quinone

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17
Q

Which factor stabilizes the fibrin clot by facilitating cross-linking?

A

Factor XIII

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18
Q

___ and ___ are not enough in conditions of high shear.

A

GPIb; GPIa

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19
Q

Coagulation factors are generally _____ which act by cleaving downstream proteins.

A

serine proteases

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20
Q

Fibrinogen is _____ into fibrin.

A

cleaved

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21
Q

This factor is activated by thrombin in presence of calcium. It stabilizes the fibrin clot by covalent cross-linking.

A

Factor XIII

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22
Q

In a resting platelet, is GPIIb/IIIa active?

A

NO

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23
Q

Protein C is activated to Protein ___ by thrombin bound to thrombomodulin.

A

Ca

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24
Q

Coagulation factors circulate as ______.

A

inactive zymogens

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25
Q

____ acts as a cofactor to Protein C.

A

Protein S

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26
Q

Plasmin ____ the fibrin polymer down into much smaller molecules to be handled by the body.

A

degrades

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27
Q

Which pathway is faster? Extrinsic or intrinsic?

A

extrinsic pathway

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28
Q

Cross-linking of fibrin is catalyzed by ____ or ____.

A

transglutaminase or factor XIII

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29
Q

Which factors are not cleaved by serine proteases?

A

V, VIII, XIII

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30
Q

Which factor(s) are cleaved by transglutaminase?

A

XIII

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31
Q

What are the regulatory elements of the clotting cascade?

A

von Willebrand factor, protein C, protein S, thrombomodulin, antithrombin III

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32
Q

Which signaling molecules attract platelets?

A

ADP and thromboxane A2

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33
Q

What regulatory element serves as a connector between platelets, GPIb/IX and collagen?

A

von Willebrand factor

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34
Q

What is the extrinsic clotting cascade triggered by?

A

activated by external trauma

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35
Q

This factor binds to exposed collagen at site of vessel wall injury.

A

Factor XII

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36
Q

What is fibronectin’s role in late repair events?

A

cell adhesion; essential role in granulation tissue organization; correct assembly of extracellular matrix

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37
Q

Firm adhesion of platelets to the subendothelia is mediated by a glycoprotein called _____.

A

GPIIb/IIIa

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38
Q

The addition of _____ causes a lag before ADP can be secreted by the platelets to cause aggregation.

A

collagen

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39
Q

Kallikrein is released by ____ cells.

A

endothelial

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40
Q

What factor(s) are cleaved by glycoproteins?

A

V, VIII

41
Q

Do the extrinsic and intrinsic cascades activate the common pathway (X, thrombin, fibrin)?

A

YES

42
Q

___ activates Protein C when bound to thrombin on the surface of endothelial cells.

A

Thrombomodulin

43
Q

Activated GPIIb/IIIa binds to vWF at the _____ to promote strong adhesion to vessel wall (primary aggregation).

A

subendothelial surface

44
Q

What kind of platelets stick to injury site?

A

activated platelets

45
Q

This factor is activated on the surface of activated platelets by tenase complex and by Factor VIIa (w/ tissue factor and calcium)

A

Factor X

46
Q

What is platelet aggregation at the site of injury mediated by?

A

platelet receptors, platelet-derived agonists, platelet-derived adhesive proteins & plasma-derived adhesive proteins

47
Q

Arachidonic acid is converted into PGG2, PGH2 (endoperoxides) by which enzyme?

A

cyclooxygenase/prostaglandin synthase

48
Q

A complex of ___ and ___ is what allows specific interactions with membrane lipids that ultimately lead to the recognizable protein structures in the clotting cascade.

A

calcium and carboxyglutamte (glu-factors)

49
Q

Which factor lays down the fibrin mesh to further strengthen the blood clot?

A

Factor XIII (13)

50
Q

___, when supplied directly, causes faster aggregation.

A

ADP

51
Q

The molecule ___ causes the de-clotting process or clot dissolution.

A

plasmin

52
Q

Factor ___ is a subendothelial cell-surface glycoprotein that acts as a cofactor for factor VII.

A

Factor III (tissue factor)

53
Q

Which regulatory element is the most important coagulation inhibitor?

A

Antithrombin III

54
Q

What are two examples of aggregating agents?

A

collagen and ADP

55
Q

What does secondary hemostasis consist of?

A

A cascade of coagulation serine proteases that culminates from cleavage of soluble fibrinogen by thrombin

56
Q

Which factor is activated by factor XIIa?

A

Factor XI

57
Q

When GPIIb/IIIa binds to fibrinogen, it plays a role in _____ interactions.

A

platelet-platelet

58
Q

The initial binding of platelets to von Willenbrand factor is mediated by ______ that are loosely bound (do not promote strong adhesion).

A

glycoproteins

59
Q

This factor is activated by thrombin in the presence of calcium.

A

Factor VII

60
Q

Factor ____ is activated by thrombin. It is a cofactor in the activation of factor X by IXa.

A

Factor VIII

61
Q

Plasminogen is activated by ____.

A

factors XIa, XIIa, Kallikrein

62
Q

Which factors are vitamin K-dependent?

A

IX (intrinsic); VII (extrinsic); X, II (common)

63
Q

Fibrin cross-linking is joined by creating a ___ bond.

A

C-NH-C (isopeptide bond)

64
Q

What are the fat soluble vitamins?

A

A, D, E, K

65
Q

What factor does the extrinsic pathway involve?

A

Factor VII

66
Q

GPIIb/IIIa integrins on resting platelets bind _____ to its ligands (vWF or fibrinogen).

A

poorly

67
Q

Fibronectin can be found in the ___ and ___.

A

plasma; body cells

68
Q

Which factor is activated on surface of activated platelets by prothrombinase complex?

A

Factor II (prothrombin)

69
Q

Why is vasoconstriction important in hemostasis?

A

vasoconstriction limits blood flow to form a sticky plug

70
Q

What is the synthesis pathway of serotonin?

A

tryptophan > (tryptophan hydroxylase) > 5-HTP > (aromatic AA decarboxylase) > serotonin 5-HT

71
Q

End-to-end cross-linking connects two domains on ___ fibrin.

A

the same

72
Q

Which factor is activated by thrombin and serves as a cofactor in the activation of prothrombin in its “a” form?

A

Factor V

73
Q

Which factor is cleaved by thrombin to form a fibrin clot?

A

Factor I (fibrinogen)

74
Q

Which signaling molecules cause vasoconstriction?

A

serotonin and thromboxane A2

75
Q

Which factors contain carboxyglutamate?

A

thrombin, VII, IX, and X

76
Q

In what cells is serotonin made?

A

enterochromatin cells

77
Q

Transverse cross-linking connects two ___ domains of fibrin.

A

opposite

78
Q

What is the intrinsic factor activated by?

A

activated by trauma inside the vascular system; activated by platelets, exposed endothelium, chemicals or collagen

79
Q

Which is a soluble plasma protein: fibrin or fibrinogen?

A

fibrinogen

80
Q

Antithrombin controls the activities of ____.

A

thrombin and factors IXa, Xa, XIa, and XIIa

81
Q

What factors does the common pathway involve?

A

I, II, V, X

82
Q

What causes blood vessels to spasm?

A

when platelets secrete serotonin

83
Q

What is fibronectin’s role in the plasma?

A

stabilizes fibrin clot; platelet adhesion, platelet spreading, platelet aggregation

84
Q

A _____ blood vessel triggers the release of clotting factors.

A

damaged

85
Q

Thrombin cleavage generates ______ that forms a cross-linked fibrin mesh at the site of injury.

A

insoluble fibrin

86
Q

Which clotting factor to platelets and damaged tissue release?

A

Factor VIII

87
Q

What do PGG2 and thromboxane synthetase produce?

A

thromboxane A2 to thromboxane B2

88
Q

What is secondary hemostasis?

A

the clotting cascade

89
Q

_____ has a high affinity for calcium ions.

A

Carboxyglutamate (Glu)

90
Q

Which factor is activated by factor XIa in the presence of calcium?

A

Factor IX

91
Q

Upon the activation of platelets, GPIIb/IIIa undergoes a _____ that reveals a previously-hidden binding site for _____.

A

conformational change; vWF or fibrinogen

92
Q

What is the process of blood clotting?

A

injury or damage > vessel constriction > platelet plug forms > fibrin clot forms

93
Q

Plasmin is activated by ______.

A

plasminogen

94
Q

What factors does the intrinsic pathway involve?

A

XII, XI, IX, VIII

95
Q

tPA, uPA, kallikrein, and factor XII all activate ____.

A

plasminogen, to later form activated plasmin

96
Q

Which factor is activated by Kallikrein or Kininogen?

A

XII

97
Q

Which factors are cofactors?

A

VIII, V, III (tissue factor)

98
Q

An ______ can record the aggregation of platelets in platelet-rich plasma in response to an aggregating agent.

A

aggregometer

Biochemistry (17 decks)

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