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BDS Module 4 > Saliva 6 - saliva constituents > Flashcards

Saliva 6 - saliva constituents Flashcards

1
Q

Where are minor salivary glands found?

A

lips, cheeks, palate, oropharynx, tongue

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2
Q

What type of acinar cells are in the parotid glands?

A

99% serous cells

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3
Q

What type of acinar cells are in the submandibular glands?

A

mixed: serous (80%) + mucous (20%)
serous demilunes often visible around the mucous acini

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4
Q

What type of secretion comes from the sublingual glands?

A

largely mucous secretions

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5
Q

What type of secretions come from the minor glands?

A

mucous secretions - except serous glands of Von Ebner

(serous glands of Von Ebner seen in association with the gustatory papillae on the tongue)

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6
Q

What volume of saliva is produced per day?

A

500-1000ml/day

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7
Q

What percentage of saliva is produced by the major saliva glands, and by the minor salivary glands?

A

> 90% from major salivary glands
<10% from minor salivary glands

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8
Q

What is the “unstimulated” flow rate of saliva?

A

0.3-0.5ml/min at rest

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9
Q

What is the “stimulated” flow rate of saliva?

A

2.0-4.0ml/min when stimulated

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10
Q

At rest, what glands produce the majority of the saliva?

A

submandibular glands (70%)

  • parotid (10%)
  • sublingual (10%)
  • minor (10%)
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11
Q

When stimulated, what glands produce the majority of the saliva?

A

parotid glands (60%)

  • submandibular (30%)
  • sublingual (5%)
  • minor (5%)
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12
Q

What kind of gustatory stimuli gives a massive increase in saliva flow?

A

sour stimuli

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13
Q

What causes the masticatory salivary reflex?

A

mechanoreceptors afferent neurones innervating: PDL + oral mucosa (?TMJ + ?muscles)

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14
Q

What is the masticatory salivary reflex?

A

the effect of chewing on salivary flow - mechanical stimulus stimulates salivary flow

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15
Q

Is the masticatory salivary reflex bilateral or ipsiateral?

A

predominantly ipsilateral

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16
Q

Does smell cause an increase in salivary flow in humans?

A

yes, from the submandibular glands
NOT from the parotid glands

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17
Q

What are the 2 types of salivary secretions?

A
  • serous (mainly from parotid and submandibular glands)
  • mucous (mainly from sublingual and minor glands)

concept of ‘whole saliva’ (mix of serous and mucous)

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18
Q

What are the functions of saliva?

A
  • protects tissue
  • enhances taste
  • lubricates food
  • speeds up oral clearance of food
  • facilitates removal of carbohydrates
  • neutralises organic acids
  • inhibits demineralisation
  • enhances remineralisation
  • recycles ingested fluoride to the mouth
  • discourages microbial growth
  • proteins sustain enamel surface
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19
Q

What factors can affect salivary flow rate?

A
  • presence of food in the mouth
    -> chemical - taste
    -> mechanical - chewing
  • smell of food (submandibular)
  • time of day
  • state of hydration
  • drugs
  • age
  • size of gland
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20
Q

What effect does presence of food in the mouth have on salivary flow rate?

A

increases salivary flow rate
- chemical - taste
- mechanical - chewing

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21
Q

What effect does smell of food have on salivary flow rate?

A

increases salivary flow rate (from the submandibular glands)

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22
Q

What effect does time of day have on salivary flow rate?

A

decreases at night

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23
Q

What effect does state of hydration have on salivary flow rate?

A

decreases when dehydrated

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24
Q

Why can drugs have an effect on salivary flow rate?

A
  • acting on glands
  • acting on nerves
25
Q

What effects can age have on salivary flow rate?

A

increases up to age of ~15 years then stable thereafter

unsure where old age can have an effect on its own, often drug related

26
Q

What is xerostomia?

A

dry mouth/‘lack of saliva’

when unstimulated from <50% of normal

27
Q

What can cause xerostomia?

A
  • disease/damage
    • systemic
    • local (intrinsic e.g. disease in the gland, extrinsic e.g. radiotherapy)
  • medications e.g. analgesics, beta-blockers, anti-histamines
  • dehydration
  • during sleep
28
Q

What problems can be caused by xerostomia?

A
  • increased caries
  • mucosal infections (especially fungal)
  • pain from oral mucosa
  • difficultly chewing, swallowing, speaking
  • impaired taste
29
Q

How does saliva composite vary?

A

varies from gland to gland, and with rate of secretion

30
Q

Where in the salivary glands are the electrolytes/inorganic constituents of saliva added?

A

added in the acinus, taken away/modified in the striated ducts

31
Q

Where in the salivary glands are the formed elements/organic constituents of saliva added?

A

largely formed in the acini

32
Q

What cations (electrolytes) are in saliva?

A
  • sodium
  • potassium
  • calcium
  • magnesium
33
Q

What anions (electrolytes) are in saliva?

A
  • chloride
  • bicarbonate
  • phosphate
  • thiocyanate
  • sulphate
  • fluoride
  • iodide
  • hydroxyl
34
Q

What electrolyte helps with the buffering action of saliva?

A

bicarbonate

35
Q

Where does the bicarbonate in the saliva mainly come from?

A

mainly from the major glands

36
Q

How does bicarbonate concentration vary with flow rate?

A

concentration of bicarbonate increases with flow rate, helping the saliva to buffer more and minimises risk times in sugar attacks after eating etc

37
Q

What does the buffering action of saliva do?

A
  • minimises drop in pH around teeth after consumption of sugar/acids
  • minimises demineralisation of teeth
38
Q

What kinds of buffers are in saliva?

A
  • phosphate buffers
  • protein buffers
39
Q

What does saliva contain that helps with the mineralisation of teeth?

A

supersaturated with Ca^2+ and PO4^3-

40
Q

In terms of mineralisation, what are high flow rates of saliva associated with?

A
  • decrease in demineralisation of teeth
  • increase in remineralisation of teeth
  • increase in calculus formation
    (can cause mineralisation of plaque —> calculus)
41
Q

What are some of the key organic components of saliva?

A
  • amylase
  • lipase
  • mucous glycoproteins (mucins)
  • statherins
    …
42
Q

What is salivary amylase used for?

A

the 1st stage of carbohydrate digestion - breaks down polysaccharides (starch) -> disaccharides (maltose)

43
Q

Does salivary amylase play a significant role in digestion?

A

may be important in the breaking down/cleansing effect of saliva

  • inactivated by acid in stomach, so won’t have a big role
  • possibly only for dry foods e.g. bread
  • may be important in breaking down polysaccharides/starches in plaque/around teeth
44
Q

Where does salivary lipase come from?

A

from lingual minor glands - Serous Glands of Von Ebner

45
Q

What is the role of salivary lipase?

A

1st stage of fat digestion
- significant role??
- cleansing of tastebuds - removal of fat deposits
- remain active at gastric pH
- milk and infants

46
Q

What are mucous glycoproteins (mucins)?

A

complex molecules
- peptide core
- oligosaccharide chains

47
Q

What is the role of mucins?

A
  • lubricate
  • coat all oral soft tissues
    • prevent drying
    • provide barrier
  • important part of “pellicle” that coats the teeth
48
Q

What is the role of statherins?

A
  • prevent precipitation of Ca^2+ and PO4^3- from saliva
  • prevent calculus formation
  • prevent mineralisation within salivary glands
49
Q

What is the antimicrobial action of saliva?

A

non-specific (non-immunoglobulin)

50
Q

What salivary constituents have a role in the antimicrobial actions of saliva?

A
  • water
  • mucins
  • amylase
  • lysozyme
  • peroxidase/thiocyanate
  • lactoferrin
  • histatins
  • cystatins
51
Q

What is water’s role in the antimicrobial actions of saliva?

A

cleansing

52
Q

What is mucins role in the antimicrobial actions of saliva?

A

aggregation of bacteria

53
Q

What is amylase’s role in the antimicrobial actions of saliva?

A

interferes with bacterial adherence

54
Q

What is lysozyme’s role in the antimicrobial actions of saliva?

A

hydrolyses some bacterial cell walls

55
Q

What is peroxidase/thiocyanate’s role in the antimicrobial actions of saliva?

A

poisons bacteria

56
Q

What is lactoferrin’s role in the antimicrobial actions of saliva?

A

deprives bacteria of iron

57
Q

What is histatins’ role in the antimicrobial actions of saliva?

A

antifungal and antibacterial

58
Q

What is cystatins’ role in the antimicrobial actions of saliva?

A

inhibit tissue-damaging bacterial enzymes

BDS Module 4 (65 decks)

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