SA08 - Theory of Design Flashcards
Intro to SAA
Definition of SAA
Ammunition for weapons such as pistols, rifles and machine guns below 20 mm in calibre.
Intro to SAA - REMEMBER THIS QUESTION
What are the 4 parts of a complete SAA round?
- Cartridge case
- Ignition system
- Propellant charge
- Projectile
Intro to SAA
Definition of Calibre
The diameter of the barrel of the weapon measured between opposing lands of the rifling.
Intro to SAA
What are cartridge case designed to do?
Designed to
* Hold the propellant charge,
* Incorporate the ignition system,
* Retain the projectile
* Provide obturation
Intro to SAA
What cartridge case must do?
- Sufficiently elastic to expand to provide obturation
- Contract to all extraction
- Resist corrosion
- Strong enough to withstand transportation and handling
Intro to SAA - REMEMBER THIS QUESTION
Cartridge case design is influenced by various factors. What are they?
or
The contour of the cart case depends on what factors?
- Role of the ammunition
- Type of weapon
- Projectile design
- Ignition system
Intro to SAA
Why is brass used for cartridge cases?
Brass provides ideal combination of:
* Strength
* Hardness
* Elasticity
* Resistance to corrosion
Intro to SAA
Why is soft mouth necessary in SAA?
- Expand as soon as pressure rises in chamber
- Establishes an early seal
- Prevents gas leakage
Intro to SAA
Why is hard base necessary in SAA?
- Enable case to withstand internal pressure and rearward thrust from propellant gases
- Stresses applied by extractors
* Chambering/rechambering rounds
* Extraction of empty cases
Intro to SAA
Methods of securing bullet to the case
REMEMBER CCPICS
- Canneluring
- Coning
- Press fit
- Indenting
- Crimping
- Stabbing
Intro to SAA - REMEMBER THIS QUESTION
Types of bases on cart cases
- Rimmed
- Rimless
- Semi-rimless
- Belted
Intro to SAA - REMEMBER THIS QUESTION
Types of ignition system in SAA
- Integral Anvil (Berdan)
- Separate Anvil (Box)
- Rimfire
Intro to SAA
What are the factors that govern SAA projectile design?
- Target characteristics
- Effect required on the target
- Maximum effective range
- Ballistics
- Type of weapon
Intro to SAA
Characteristics of short range projectiles
- Fired at low velocities
- Not required to maintain stability over long ranges
- Ballistic shape is relatively unimportant
- 9mm Parabellum, short and snub nosed
Intro to SAA
Characteristics of long range projectiles
- Long and narrow with pointed tips and long ogives to reduce nose drag
- Base of projectile maybe streamlined or boat tailed
- Centre of gravity is important as it effects stability in flight
- Improved stability and reduced drag retain velocity and accuracy
Intro to SAA
Colour coding of projectile tips
- Black – AP
- Silver – API
- Blue – Incendiary
- Yellow – Observing
- Red – Tracer
- Purple - Low-vis tracer
- Uncoloured - Ball
Intro to SAA
How is accuracy acheived and the factors that influence accuracy?
Accuracy depends on achieving consistent muzzle velocity (MV). This is influenced by:
* Loading exact quantities of propellant
* Consistent burning of the propellant
* Separation of the projectile from the cartridge case at correct pressure
* Achieving efficient obturation
Intro to SAA - REMEMBER THIS QUESTION
What are the permanent markings on SAA
- Manufacturers label
- Year of manufacture (2 digits)
- Calibre
- Model number
Intro to Grenades - REMEMBER THIS QUESTION
Definition of grenade.
- A grenade is a small explosive store designed for projection by hand or from a personal weapon.
- Occasionally a special discharger or launcher may be used.
Intro to Grenades - REMEMBER THIS QUESTION
Grenade designs are categorised by their intended means of delivery to the target and their payload /type. What are normal means of delivery?
or
Design characteristics of grenades
- Hand Thrown.
- Projected - Rifle launched/gun fired.
- Discharger- Weapon/vehicle launched.
Intro to Grenades - REMEMBER THIS QUESTION
Payload types of grenades
REMEMBER FISHH PIC
- Flash and Noise (Stun)
- Incendiary
- Smoke
- High Explosive Anti Personnel. Defensive - Offensive.
* High Explosive Anti Tank - (HEAT) and Dual Purpose.
* Practice.
* Illuminating.
- Chemical or irritant
Intro to Grenades - REMEMBER THIS QUESTION
Components of grenade
- Body
- Filling
- Fragmentation
- Fuze Cavity
- Fuze
Memorise the diagram (slide 15 of grenade powerpoint)
Intro to Grenades
Components of grenade fuze
- Safety Pin.
- Fly off lever - held by thrower after pin removed to prevent premature initiation.
- Spring - held under tension.
- Striker. Percussion cap.
- Detonator.
- Delay pellet
Memorise the diagram (slide 17 of grenade powerpoint)
Intro to Grenades - REMEMBER THIS QUESTION
Types of HE grenades and the difference between them
- Offensive (Blast) - inflicts casualties by blast shock wave
- Defensive (HE Fragmentation) - inflicts casualties by fragmentation projected at high velocity
Intro to Grenades - REMEMBER THIS QUESTION
What is a Defensive Grenade?
- These grenades are designed for use when the thrower is fully or partially protected in a defensive position.
- The large lethal area is achieved using fragments projected at high velocity.
Intro to Grenades - REMEMBER THIS QUESTION
What is an Offensive Grenade?
- Offensive grenades rely solely on the effect of blast for their anti personnel effect.
- To cause any physical damage to a man, a blast grenade must burst very close to him or at least in a confined space with him.
- Their usual effect is to stun or disorientate a man so that he is incapable of rational reaction for a short period of time.
Intro to Grenades
What are the 2 purposes of dual purpose grenades
- HEAT
- Fragmentation
Intro to Grenades
Type of smoke grenades
- Screening
- Signalling
Intro to Grenades
Explain Chemical/ Irritant Anti riot grenade
- Filled with lachrymatory or irritant compositions.
- The emission principle is rarely used now, since rioters tended to throw them back!
- Current designs utilise a rubber body containing a large number of primed CS pellets, that on initiation, create gas pressure bursting the body, and spreading the pellets.
Intro to Grenades
What are flash and noise stun grenades
- The police and special forces use stun or disorientation grenades as a non-lethal weapon.
- They incorporate pyrotechnic powders which produce high noise (in excess of 130 db) and flash values sufficient to disorientate anyone in the vicinity.
- Designed to produce no fragmentation.
- Stun and disorientate.
- Blinding flash load report and mild blast.
- Single or multiple functioning.
Intro to Grenades
What are incendiary grenades used for
- Used for numerous tasks, including;
- as an IEDD Tool.
- as an initiator.
- Body colour normally RED.
Intro to Grenades
What are illum grenades used for?
- Primarily used by police and Search and Rescue (SAR) teams
- Can be operated as both a trip flare and grenade.
Intro to Grenades
Discharger grenades
- Originally fitted on AFVs to provide an immediate localised smoke screen, their use has now extended to Anti-riot and HE fragmentation variants.
- Electrically initiated, they have a small propelling charge that simultaneously ejects the grenade from the discharger barrel and ignites the main filling.
Intro to Grenades
What are projected grenades?
Grenades that are rifle or weapon launched.
Intro to Grenades - REMEMBER THIS QUESTION
How does a weapon lauched grenade function?
- The low-pressure system uses a two-pressure cartridge system to reduce recoil.
- On initiation the gas pressure builds in the high pressure chamber before escaping into the low-pressure chamber.
- This reduction in pressure reduces the recoil and Muzzle Velocity.
- The grenade is spin stabilised with ranges from 30 m to 400 m achievable
Intro to FFR - REMEMBER THIS QUESTION
What are the two sections of an FFR?
- Motor (including the combustion chamber , fins (if applicable) and nozzle)
- Warhead (including the fuze)
Intro to FFR
Different parts of rocket motor
- Casing
- Combustion Chamber
- Propellant
- Igniter
- Nozzle (s)
- Fins (if not spin stabilised)
Intro to FFR
Why are solid propellants preferred for FFR’s?
Due to reliability and simplicity in use.
Intro to FFR - REMEMBER THIS QUESTION
What are 2 types propellants used in FFRs?
- Solid (main and preferred)
- Liquid
Intro to FFR - REMEMBER THIS QUESTION
What type of nozzle is used in FFR?
The normal type of nozzle used is a convergent-divergent type (De Laval Nozzle)
Intro to FFR - REMEMBER THIS QUESTION
What is the purpose of De Laval nozzles in FFR?
Purpose is to change heat and pressure into kinetic energy.
Intro to FFR - REMEMBER THIS QUESTION
Different types of warheads in FFRs
- Nuclear.
- HE.
- Chemical (including smoke).
- Preformed Fragments.
- Sub Munitions.
- Terminally Guided Munitions, and
- Practice munitions.
Intro to FFR - REMEMBER THIS QUESTION
What type of warheads can be shoulder launched?
Shape charge/ HEAT
Intro to FFR
What fuze does a rocket has?
- Normally positioned inside ballistic nose cone of rocket and designed to function on impact.
- Exception is 66mm PIBD.
Intro to FFR
What is the aim of rocket launcher?
To support and aim the rocket
Intro to FFR - REMEMBER THIS QUESTION
How to offset thrust misalignment
Spin combined with fins, offsets the effect of thrust misalignment as well as forces produced by fin misalignment.
Intro to FFR - REMEMBER THIS QUESTION
3 Factors that affect rocket accuracy
- Surface Cross Winds
- Propellant Burning Rate
- Launcher Induced Errors
Intro to FFR
List four characteristics of FFR motors?
- Only use boost motors (high energy release over a short time span).
- Motor casing must be strong enough to withstand the pressure and temperature of combustion.
- Usually made of various steels, however have been made from glass reinforced plastics.
- De Lavel nozzles normally used (convergent – divergent)
Intro to RCL - REMEMBER THIS QUESTION
Advantages of RCL
- NO RECOIL
- LOW WEIGHT
- MAN PORTABLE (84MM)
Intro to RCL - REMEMBER THIS QUESTION
DISADVANTAGES of RCL
- LOW VELOCITY
- FLASH / DUST SIGNATURE
- LARGE PROPELLING CHARGE
Intro to RCL
Characteristics of 84MM Carl Gustav M2, M3 & M4
- Two man operated
- Breech loaded
- Percussion fired
- Recoilless gun
- Primarily an armour defeating weapon but can be used against emplacements and hard targets
- Types: HE, HEAT, HEDP, SMK, ILLUM, ASM & PRAC
Intro to RCL
Types of 84mm ammo
- HE
- HEAT
- HEDP
- SMK
- ILLUM
- ASM
- PRAC
Intro to RCL
Name and model number of different in-service 84mm
- Cart 84mm HEAT FFV 551 - has rocket assist
- Cart 84mm HE FFV 441B - has time fuze
- Cart 84mm HEDP FFV 502 -
- Cart 84mm ASM 509
- Cart 84mm Illum FFV 545 - ET fuze
- Cart 84mm ATK Prac TPT 65 -
- Cart 84mm ATK Prac TPT 141
- Cart 84mm TP 552
- Adapter 84mm Sub-cal
Intro to RCL
Different types of sub cal used for RCL
- Adapter 84mm Sub-cal (6.5mm Trac and Ball)
- Adapter 84mm Sub-cal (7.62mm Trac and Ball)
- Adapter 84mm Sub-cal (Cart 20mm Tracer 20/502)
Intro to RCL
State the principle of RCL
If two weights can be fired at equal velocity then the weapon will be recoilless.
Intro to RCL
In the RCL system, the breech obturator is replaced by what?
Venturi
Intro to Artillery
What type of fire system does M777A2 has?
The gun has both optical fire control system (OFCS) and digital fire control system (DFCS) equipment
Intro to Artillery - REMEMBER THIS QUESTION
Rates of fire for M777
- Maximum: 4 rpm for 2 minutes;
- Sustained: 2 rpm;
- After 30 minutes the rate of fire is dropped to 1 rpm (the electronic thermal warning device [ETWD] may determine the rate of fire).
Intro to Artillery - REMEMBER THIS QUESTION
Characteristics of HE M107 Projectile
- Comp B main fill
- Thin walled and steel body
- Tapered boat tail
- Single driving band
- Overall Body Colour (OBC) – Olive Drab
- Markings - Yellow
Intro to Artillery - REMEMBER THIS QUESTION
What are the effects of projectile HE M107
Blast and Fragmentation
Intro to Artillery
Characterisitics of SMART DM702A1
- Fire and Forget all weather:
- 2 x Sub munitions
- Main Fill – HMX, Explosively Formed Penetrator (EFP) warhead
- Infra Red (IR) and Millimetric Wavelength (MMW)
- Nickel coated stainless steel body
- Electronic Time (ET)
- OBC – Green
- Markings - Yellow
Intro to Artillery
Characterisitics of propellat M232A1 MACS
- MACS – triple based propellant
- Bi-directional modular increments
- 5 modules per canister
- Alternate end igniters/CBI
- Flash reducers contained
- OBC – Tan
- Markings – Black
- End igniter - Red
Intro to Artillery - REMEMBER THIS QUESTION
How may WP wedges are in the 155mm
WP M825A1 ?
116
Intro to Artillery - REMEMBER THIS QUESTION
How is XM982 Excalibur guided?
GPS Guided
Intro to Artillery - REMEMBER THIS QUESTION
Types of projetiles for M777
- HE M107
- HE M795
- SMART DM702A1
- HE XM982 Excalibur
- Illuminating M485A2
- WP M825A1
Intro to Artillery - REMEMBER THIS QUESTION
Types of propellant used in M777
- M232A1 MACS - Tan
- M231A1 MACS - Green
- Reducer Flash M2
- M3A1 Green
- M4A2 White
Intro to Artillery - REMEMBER THIS QUESTION
What primer is used in M777?
Primer Percussion M82
Intro to Mortars - REMEMBER THIS QUESTION
Types of mortar fire
REMEMBER - DISH CCP
* Defensive fire
* Illuminating
* Smoke (screening and blinding);
* Harassing fire
* Covering fire
* Counter Battery fire
* Preparation fire
Intro to Mortars
What is a mortar?
- Closed metal tube designed to project a bomb into the air so that it follows a predetermined trajectory
- Easy & simple to handle and operate
- Provides the infantryman with a light weight
- indirect fire weapon that is readily available
Intro to Mortars - REMEMBER THIS QUESTION
Characteristics of mortar
- Smooth Bore
- No Recoil Mechanism
- Restricted to use at elevations above 800 mils
- Muzzle loaded
Intro to Mortars - REMEMBER THIS QUESTION
Components of mortar
- Barrel
- Base plate
- Pod (bipod, tripod, monopod)
- Sight
Intro to Mortars
What are 4 types of in-service mortar ammunition?
- HE
- Smoke WP and RP
- Illumination – IR iIlumination and Visible Light
- Training - Inert projectiles which may be used with percussion primer and ignition cartridge or Sub- calibre inserts
Intro to Mortars
Types of in-service 60mm mortar
- HE
- Illum
- Illum IR
- SMK WP
- Prac
Intro to Mines
Definition of a mine
An explosive or other material, normally encased, designed to destroy or damage vehicles, boats or aircraft, or designed to wound, kill or otherwise
incapacitate personnel. It may be detonated by the action of its victim by the passage of time, or by controlled means.
Intro to Mines
Effects of mines by obstales presented to the enemy
- Disrupt
- Turn
- Fix
- Block
Intro to Mines
Characteristics of a mine
- All weather, 24hr capability
- Psychological effect
- Contribution to the destruction of the enemy
- CBRN resistant
- Cost effective
Intro to Mines
Operational characteristics of mine
- Sensitivity
- Ease of laying
- Resistant to countermeasures
- Delayed arming
- Sterilisation (Neutralisation)
- Self-neutralisation
- Self-destruct
- Remote control
- Recording and marking
Intro to Mines - REMEMBER THIS QUESTION
For control there are several technical solutions. What are they?
- Self-neutralisation
- Self-destruct
- Remote control
Intro to Mines - REMEMBER THIS QUESTION
What is self-neutralisation?
- Sophisticated and high cost mines should be capable of self neutralisation (SN) after a pre set time period
- Short term sterilisation mechanisms are usually electronic
- Battery voltage decay may be used
Intro to Mines - REMEMBER THIS QUESTION
What is self-destruct?
Mines which are difficult to detect or clear, or those with low explosive content should be Self Destruct (SD), which negates the need for clearance. The time delay in these devices is normally pre set at the time of their launch.
Intro to Mines - REMEMBER THIS QUESTION
What is remote control for mines?
Tactically advantageous to communicate with mines, for mines to communicate with some form of centralised control, or for mines to communicate with one another
Intro to Mines - REMEMBER THIS QUESTION
Components of a mine
- Warhead
- Sensor and fuze
- Safety and arming unit
- Power source
- Case
Intro to Mines - REMEMBER THIS QUESTION
Types of warhead in a mine
- HE Blast (AP/AT)
- Shrapnel (AP/ Helicopter)
- Shape charges/ EFPs (Tank belly/ top)
Intro to Mines - REMEMBER THIS QUESTION
Types of AT mines
PASS
- Pattern
- Area defence
- Scatterable
- Side Attack
Intro to Mines
Different ways AT mines attack tanks
- Top attack
- Side attack
- Belly attack
- Track attack
- Full width attack
Intro to Mines - REMEMBER THIS QUESTION
Types of AP mines
- Pressure activated/ Direct contact AP mines
- Omni-Directional Fragmentation AP Mines
- Directional Fragmentation AP Mines
Intro to Mines
2 examples of helicopter mines
- AHM 200 (Bulgaria)
- DNG Giant Heli-shotgun (Austria)
Intro to Mines - REMEMBER THIS QUESTION
Methods of laying mines
- Hand laying
- Mechanical laying
- Scatterable mine laying systems
- Vehicle
- Shielder
- Artillery
- Aircraft
Intro to Mines
Ways to counter mines
or
Mine countermeasures
- Hand breaching
- Mechanical breaching
- Explosive breaching
Intro to Mines - REMEMBER THIS QUESTION
3 ways of mechanical breaching of mines
- Flails
- Rollers
- Ploughs
Intro to Armoured and Tank Ammo - REMEMBER THIS QUESTION
Components of a tank round
- Combustible Cart Case (CCC)
- Case Base and Seal Assembly (CBSA)
- Electric Primer M129 or M125
- Main Charge Propellant JA-2 or M14
Intro to Armoured and Tank Ammo - REMEMBER THIS QUESTION
What is left behind after firing tank round?
- Steel case base
- Primer tube
Intro to Armoured and Tank Ammo - REMEMBER THIS QUESTION
Two fuze settings of HEAT MP-T
- Impact
- Proximity
Intro to SAA - REMEMBER THIS QUESTION
What provides forward and rearward obturation to SAA?
- Forward - Projectile
- Rearward - Cart case
