Attack On Personnel Flashcards
How can designers control size of fragments
Case material and mechanical properties
Thickness of the wall
Quantity of explosives and position in relation to fragmenting case
VoD of the explosion
Factors affecting energy transfer to fragments ?
Fragments mass and velocity
Fragments Cross sectional area
Stability of the fragment
For ammunition to be used against personnel, ammunition normally relies on either?
Direct impact, blast overpressure or a combination of the two.
Personnel on the battlefield can have varying degress of ______ in the form of clothing and equipment
Protection
People can be in different _____ such as ____ kneeling or ____
In different numbers such as singly, tight groups or spread out.
Position
Standing
Prone
Two categories of Types of damage to personnel
Physical 👊
Mental 🧠
Results of Physical type of damage?
Casualties
Damage to material
Mental damage type
Affect the what
And can be difficult to?
Affect the will to fight
Difficult to quantify against a well disciplined enemy
The human is small and complex.
Why?
Measure around 0.42m2
Protected by BA, helmet, eye protection, clothing
Can be standing lying or moving
Fit, alert, tired, depressed
Vunrable areas are bone, muscle nerves
Injured by blast frag or both
Assement of The target is assumed to be standing with palms facing towards the attack.
How many horizontal slices are applied? And what other two things
108 horizontal slices are applied
Medical assessment to determine likely effects
Includes motivation battle effect and posture
When designing a munition what criteria does the designer consider?
High probability of a hit
Rapid transfer of energy
No unnecessary overkill
Common methods of transferring energy? Via fragmentation attack.
EO examples
Grenades mortars projectiles
3 ways designers cause/produce fragmentation?
Generic HE projectiles
PRE notched container
Pre formed fragments
Control of fragment mass and velocity is determined by what 4 things?
Case material and its mechanical properties
Thickness of wall
Quantity of explosives and their position in relation to the fragmenting case
Velocity of detonation of the explosive
Fragment velocity is controlled by?
Amount of explosive behind the fragment wall
Charge density and velocity of detonation
Density of the wall material
3 things effecting Distribution of fragmentation
Spin rate will influence distribution but not the overall pattern
Usually symmetrical about longitude axis
Angel of arrival
Height of burst
2 - 4 m
Significant effect on performance of fragmenting devide
Achieved by fuze fitted to device
Considerations of Average area of exposed target.
Is the target kneeling or standing
Types of terrain (is it protecting them)
What protective equipment is the target wearing
What are flecthetts
Bundles of tightly packed darts in a projectile (preformed)
Energy transfer, severity of casualties, or type of wound depends on what?
Actual energy transfer
Rate of transfer of energy from projectile to target
Tumbling/yawning reduces energy transfer
Factors that effect frgament energy transfer
Fragment mass and velocity
Fragment Cross sectional area
Stability of the fragment
Categories of wound
Mild
Severe
Most casualties are cause by combining what two explosive effects?
Blast and fragmentation
