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01. AT 2025 > SA03 - Blast Effects and Target Analysis > Flashcards

SA03 - Blast Effects and Target Analysis Flashcards

1
Q

Blast Effects

Definition of Explosion

A

An explosion is the violent and rapid decomposition of energetic material to which will lead to violent pressure rupturing of any confining structure.

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2
Q

Blast Effects

Types of explosion

A
  • Physical (Mechanical)
  • Chemical
  • Nuclear
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3
Q

Blast Effects

Primary effects of explosion

A
  • Blast
  • Heat
  • Fragmentation
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4
Q

Blast Effect

3 Phases of blast

A
  • Shock front
  • Positive
  • Negative
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5
Q

Blast Effect

Types of blast pressures

A
  • Dynamic
  • Incident
  • Quasi-static
  • Reflected
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6
Q

Target Analysis - REMEBER THIS QUESTION

What is rarefaction?

A

Area of low pressure immediately following the positive phase

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7
Q

Blast Efffects and FAE

Principle of FAE

A

Creates an aerosol cloud of fuel air mixture which then detonates to achieve an explosive effect.

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8
Q

Blast Efffects and FAE

Types of fuel used in FAE

A
  • Acetylene
  • Butane
  • Ethylene oxide
  • Kerosene
  • Propylene oxide
  • Aluminium
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9
Q

Blast Efffects and FAE

Advantages of FAE

A
  • Provides larger overpressure at a greater distance than HE
  • Requires little to no oxygen in the molecular structure making the explosion 3 to 5 times hotter than HE
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10
Q

Blast Efffects and FAE

Disadvantages of FAE

A
  • Dependent on weather conditions
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11
Q

Blast Efffects and FAE

Types of targets for FAE

A
  • Structures
  • Concentrations of AFV and SP Guns
  • Parked aircraft
  • Minefield clearance
  • Ships
  • Bunkers / trenches
  • Concentrations of troops in the open
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12
Q

Blast Efffects and FAE

Define Blast

A

A violent disruptive effect that produces heat, gases and a shock front which emanates from the centre of the explosion.

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13
Q

Formula for Probability Product Rule

A

P(K) = P (H) x P (R) x P (L)

K = Probability of a Kill
H = Probability of a Hit
R = Reliability of the weapon system
L = Lethality of the ammunition

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14
Q

Target Analysis - REMEMBER THIS QUESTION

What are 3 levels of damage which ammunition designer may want to achieve?

A
  • Disablement
  • Destruction
  • Neutralisation
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15
Q

Target Analysis

Types of target engaged in battlefield

A
  • People
  • Vehicles
  • Structures
  • Equipment
  • Aircraft
  • Complex
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16
Q

Target Analysis

Types of Armoured vehicles

A
  • Main Battle Tanks (MBT)
  • Light Armoured Vehicles (LAV)
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17
Q

Target Analysis

Types of aicrafts

A
  • Fast Moving Aircraft
  • Slow moving aircraft
  • Helicopters
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18
Q

Target Analysis

Requirements for design of Weapon systems

A

Weapon systems must be:
- Simple
- Easy to make
- Easy to inspect
- Safe to transport, store and handle

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19
Q

Target Analysis - REMEMBER THIS QUESTION

2 types of energy used in ammo design

A
  • Kinetic Energy (KE)
  • Chemical Energy (CE)
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20
Q

Target Analysis

What types of Defensive Aid Suites (DAS) are on battle tank?

A
  1. Sensor package - Active and Passive
  2. Counter measures
  3. Electro Optic Attack
  4. RF Attack
  5. Decoys
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21
Q

Target Analysis - REMEMBER THIS QUESTION

Describe Kinetic Energy

A

Energy in the form of a solid missile, which dissipates its energy on impact & requires no triggering device to control the energy release.

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22
Q

Target Analysis - REMEMBER THIS QUESTION

Describe Chemical Energy

A

In the form of a substance, with a considerable potential energy, relative to its mass, which can liberate that energy when suitably initiated. Such materials are familiar as HE and the initiation mechanism as the fuze.

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23
Q

Attack on Personnel

Types of damage on personnel

A
  • Physical
  • Mental
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24
Q

Attack on Personnel

Designer criteria for most efficient mode of attacks

A
  • High probability of a hit.
  • Rapid transfer of energy.
  • No unnecessary overkill.
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25
Q

Attack on Personnel

What are the major fragment producers?

A
  • Generic HE projectiles.
  • Pre notched containers.
  • Pre formed fragments.
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26
Q

Attack on Personnel - REMEMBER THIS QUESTION

How the control of fragment size is acheived?

A
  • Case material and its mechanical properties
  • Thickness of the wall
  • Quantity of explosive and its position in relation to the fragmenting case
  • Velocity of detonation of the explosive
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27
Q

Attack on Personnel - REMEMBER THIS QUESTION

How the fragment velocity is controlled

A
  • Amount of explosive behind the fragment wall
  • Charge density and velocity of detonation
  • Density of the wall material
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28
Q

Attack on Personnel

Factors affecting fragment performance of an attack on personnel

A
  • Distribution of Fragmentation
  • Orientation of the projectile to target
  • Height of burst (2-4 m optimum)
  • Average area of exposed target
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29
Q

Attack on Personnel - REMEMBER THIS QUESTION

Factors affecting energy transfer of fragments.

A
  • Fragment mass and velocity
  • Fragment cross sectional area
  • Stability of the fragment
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30
Q

Attack on Personnel

Categories of wound

A
  • Mild
  • Severe
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31
Q

Attack on Personnel - REMEMBER THIS QUESTION

How does orientation of projectile affect distribution of fragments?

A
  • The most effective distribution will be achieved when the axis of the projectile is vertical.
  • As axis moves away from the vertical, an increasing amount of fragmentation is projected harmlessly into the air or lost in the ground.
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32
Q

Attack on aircaft - REMEMBER THIS QUESTION

What is the aircraft damage criteria for defence?

A
  • Defence industry
    KK-Kill The target suffers immediate and catastrophic disintegration.
    K-Kill The target is destroyed in less than 10 secs.
    A-Kill The target is destroyed in less than 5 mins.
    B-Kill The target is defeated in less than 5 hours.
    C-Kill The target’s mission is not achieved (mission abort).
    E-Kill The target may complete its mission but needs repair before it can fly again.
  • Criteria for completeness
    Ft - Flight Kill. The target aircraft will become permanently incapable of maintaining directed flight within time “t” of sustaining the damaging hit. Destruction of the aircraft is implied, and the aircraft fails to complete its mission, eg F5 seconds.
    Ct - Continuance Kill. The target aircraft is unable to continue with its stated mission within the time “t” of sustaining the damaging hit. The mission is frustrated; the aircraft may be destroyed.
    Et - Effectiveness Kill. The aircraft receives damage of a degree sufficient to cause it to be grounded for repairs for time “t” before it can undertake further missions.
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33
Q

Attack on aircaft - REMEMBER THIS QUESTION

What are the Vulnerable areas of an aircraft?

A
  • Air frame.
  • People, the aircrew.
  • Fuel tanks & lines.
  • Engines.
  • Power transmission systems.
  • Flight controls.
  • Avionics.
  • Bomb load / Pay load.
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34
Q

Attack on aircaft - REMEMBER THIS QUESTION

Types of warheads to attack an aircraft

A
  • Blast:
    External
    Internal
  • Fragmentation (Inefficient - 80% Wasted)
  • Fragmentation plus blast
  • Special kinetic energy:
    Discrete rod
    Continuous rod
  • Shaped charges
  • Sub-projectiles
  • Cluster
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35
Q

Attack on aircaft - REMEMBER THIS QUESTION

What percentage of fragmentation are wasted in a fragmentation warhead?

36
Q

Attack on aircaft

What is Preferential Fragmentation?

A

HE+Frag in one narrow beam/band in one chosen direction

37
Q

Attack on aircaft - REMEMBER THIS QUESTION

Effects of altitude on blast forehead

A

To be effective, a blast wave requires a medium through which it can travel. As the medium becomes less dense, the effects of blast warhead decrease.

38
Q

Remember this question

How the EO designers can make the fragmentation efficient?

A
  • Fragment Mass
  • Fragment Pattern
  • Fragment Velocity
39
Q

Attack on Armour

When did the first tanks appear?

A

16 Sep 1916

40
Q

Attack on Armour

Early methods of attacking tanks

A
  • Large calibre rifles with hardened projectiles
  • Concentrated Machine gun fire
  • 6 grenades tied together
  • Early blast mines
  • Flame throwers
41
Q

Attack on Armour - REMEMBER THIS QUESTION

Types of Armour

A
  • Rolled Homogeneous Armour (RHA)
  • Spaced Homogenous
  • Ply
  • Face hardened
  • Reactive – Explosive Reactive Armour (ERA)
  • Composite (Chobham)
  • Slat (Bar)
42
Q

Attack on Armour

What are the 3 Tank damage assessment criteria

A
  • M - Mobility Kill
  • F - Firepower kill
  • K - Completely destroyed
43
Q

Attack on Armour

APC and MICV damage assessment criteria

A

F – Firepower kill
P – Payload kill

44
Q

Attack on Armour - Remember this question

Types of high energy attacks

A
  • Kinetic energy (KE)
  • Chemical Energy (CE)
  • Combination of both
45
Q

Attack on armour - REMEMBER THIS QUESTION

Types of Shot Failure

A
  • Barrelling
  • Shattering
  • Lateral Bending
46
Q

Attack on Armour - REMEMBER THIS QUESTION

Ways to increase penetration of armour

A
  • Lengthening of barrel
  • Rocket assistance
  • Improve steadiness of the shot
  • Lengthen the projectile
  • Use of segmented long rod penetrators
47
Q

Attack on armour - REMEMBER THIS QUESTION

Factors affecting shape charges

A
  • Cone Diameter
  • Shape of Liner
  • Liner Material (Copper, Steel, Aluminium)
  • Stand – Off Distance
  • Rate of Spin
48
Q

Attack on armour - REMEMBER THIS QUESTION

What are Behind Armour Effects (BAE)?

A

Ones that contribute directly or indirectly to the lethality of a particular mode of attack

49
Q

Attack on armour - REMEMBER THIS QUESTION

BAE types

A
  • Luminescence
  • Spalling
  • Heat / Fires
  • Overpressure
50
Q

Attack on armour

Delivery methods of KE and CE

A
  • Guns
  • Grenades
  • Mines
  • Aircraft bombs
  • Missiles
51
Q

Kinetic Energy attack on Armour

What is Kinetic Energy attack?

A

Hitting the target armour with a projectile of sufficiently high velocity to achieve penetration

52
Q

Kinetic Energy attack on Armour - REMEMBER THIS QUESTION

Types of stabilisation

A
  • Spin -7:1length:diameter ratio for spin
  • Fin- 15:1 length:diameter ratio for fin
53
Q

Attack on armour - REMEMBER THIS QUESTION

What is barrelling?

A

Due to shot material being to soft, this leads to direct compression failure in the shot material at the mid point. This increases the sectional area of the shot preventing penetration.

54
Q

Attack on armour - REMEMBER THIS QUESTION

What is shattering?

A
  • Raising the hardness of a steel shot, whilst increasing its compressive strength, makes the shot brittle. On impact severe tensile hoop stresses are set up in the nose of the shot (small cross sectional area).
  • At high striking velocities, which raise the loading on the shot, the shot nose can fail under these stresses and longitudnal cracks are formed along the length of the shot.
  • The shot is said to “break up”, where the effect is more catastrophic and the shot disintegrates, this is known as shatter.
55
Q

Attack on armour - REMEMBER THIS QUESTION

What is lateral bending?

A

At high angles of attack the shot is subjected to severe lateral stresses, both shear and bending, particularly towards its rear end.

56
Q

Kinetic Energy attack on Armour

What is the purpose of a ballistic cap?

A
  • Initial indentation.
  • Prevent shot failure (particularly steel projectiles).
  • Rotate shot to normal.
57
Q

Kinetic Energy attack on Armour

What are the 2 types of discarding sabot?

58
Q

Kinetic Energy attack on Armour

Full name of
a) APFSDS-T
b) APDS-T
c) APCNR

A

A. Armour Piercing Fin Stabilised Discarding Sabot - Trace
B. Armour Piercing Discarding Sabot - Trace
C. Armour Piercing Composite Non Rigid

59
Q

Shape charge attack

What is the definition of shape charge?

A

A charge shaped so as to concentrate its explosive force in a particular direction.

60
Q

Shape Charge Attack - REMEMBER THIS QUESTION

Diagram of parts of a shape charge

A

Slide 10 of the Shape charge attack powerpoint

  • Ballistic cover
  • Empty space and shape assist
  • Conical liner
  • Base Detonator
  • Explosive
  • PIBD Fuse
61
Q

Shape Charge Attack

What cone diameter is recommended when engaging MBT (tank)?

62
Q

Shape Charge Attack - REMEMBER THIS QUESTION

What stand off distance gives peak performance?

A

5 Cone diameters

63
Q

How do shaped charges achieve their effect?

A

By having an intense concentration of kinetic energy.

64
Q

With a shaped charge the residual energy lies within what?

A
  • Unconsumed part of the jet.
  • Fragments of metal.
65
Q

HESH, HEP-T

Diagram of general principle of HESH

A

Slide 7 of HESH powerpoint

66
Q

HESH, HEP-T - REMEMBER THIS QUESTION

What is the scab size from an HESH attack?

A

Depends on the weapon and thickness but usually 1 1/4 or 1 1/2 its own diameter

67
Q

HESH, HEP-T

Design characteristics of HESH

A
  • Head must be collapsible
  • Head must not be pointed
  • HE must have a high V of D
  • Explosive be plastic in nature
  • Fuze must be in the base
  • Inert bituminous pad in nose
68
Q

HESH, HEP-T - REMEMBER THIS QUESTION

What is reverse impact detonation (RID)?

A

Detonation occurs before the fuze can produce detonation of the filling, the shock wave will be travelling in the wrong direction

69
Q

HESH, HEP-T - REMEMBER THIS QUESTION

Different ways to defeat HESH?

A
  • Spaced armour
  • Skirting plates
  • Grooved
  • Reactive armour
70
Q

HESH, HEP-T

WHat are the other targets HESH can be used against?

A
  • Emplacements
  • Pill-boxes
  • Concrete structures
71
Q

HESH, HEP-T

Factors affecting performance of HESH

A
  • Calibre
  • Angle of attack (limited to 65 degree but can function at 60)
  • Striking velocity
72
Q

HESH, HEP-T - REMEMBER THIS QUESTION

Briefly describe how the scab is formed when HESH is used.

A

When the rebounding tension wave meets further primary shock waves this exceeds the strength of the plate, and a large scab is detached from the rear surface

73
Q

HESH, HEP-T

List 2 secondary effects of HESH

A
  • Anti-personnel
  • Damage to sensitive equipment
74
Q

BLast Effects and FAE - REMEMBER THIS QUESTION

Explain Reflection of a blast wave

A

When the blast wave is thrown back at an angle to the original path.

75
Q

Blast Efffects and FAE

Define Chemical Explosion

A

The extremely rapid reaction of a chemical system to produce gas and heat.

76
Q

Blast Efffects and FAE

Define Nuclear Explosion

A

A sudden release of enormous quantities of
heat by fission or fusion.

77
Q

Blast Efffects and FAE

Define Physical Explosion

A

The sudden expansion of gases into a volume much greater than their initial one, accompanied by noise and violent movement.

78
Q

Attack on personnel - REMEMBER THIS QUESTION

3 factors affecting the energy transfer of fragments

A
  • Fragment mass and velocity.
  • Fragment cross sectional area.
  • Stability of the fragment.
79
Q

Attack on Armour - REMEMBER THIS QUESTION

Damage assessment criteria for firepower kill

A

A tank is knocked out if the main armament is put out of action; either because the crew has been rendered incapable of operating it, or because the armament or its associated
equipment has been damaged, so as to render it inoperative and irreparable by the crew on the battlefield.

80
Q

Kinectic energy attack on armour - REMEMBER THIS QUESTION

4 ways a designer reduces air resistance when designing KE weapon?

A
  • Small cross-sectional area
  • High Mass
  • High Velocity
  • Aerodynamic design
81
Q

Attack on Armour - REMEMBER THIS QUESTION

Problems that arise in a combined KE and CE attack

A

Whilst no fuzing is required to allow the kinetic energy effect to penetrate the armour, the problem of initiating the CE source behind armour presents considerable difficulties to the projectile designer, due mainly to the intense shocks to which any initiating mechanism is subjected on initial impact and during penetration.

82
Q

Blast Effects and FAE - REMEMBER THIS QUESTION

Explain how burning to detonation occurs

A

Burning to detonation occurs when there is an abrupt acceleration of the flame front until it becomes a shock wave.

83
Q

Kinetic energy attack on Armour - REMEMBER THIS QUESTION

What forces are utilised to assist with discarding the sabot?

A
  • Aerodynamic
  • Residual gas pressure
84
Q

REMEMBER THIS QUESTION

Factors affecting VoD of Explosives

A
  • Charge density
  • Charge diameter
  • Strength of detonator
  • Degree of confinement
85
Q

Attack on Armour - REMEMBER THIS QUESTION

How to reduce spin of a projectile?

A
  • Slipping driving band
  • Flute liners
  • Spin compensated liners

01. AT 2025 (34 decks)

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