SA Ortho Exam Flashcards
Components of ortho exam
History, physical exam, ortho exam, gait exam, standing exam
Long bone palpation, joint palpation, muscular palpation
Orthopedic exam
Gait exam, standing palpation, recumbent exam, specific exam tests - drawer & thrust
Supportive exams - sedated exams / imaging
Neurological exams
Gait exams
Observe conformation
Hyper/hypoflexion of joints
Observe posture - symmetry, atrophy
Good traction
Observe from front & side
Signs of forelimb lameness
Head bob - down on sound
Abduction, adduction or circumduction of limb
Changes in stride length/duration
Hind limb lameness
Hip hike on affected leg
Abduction, adduction or circumduction of limb
Shorter stride on affected leg
Faster stride on sound leg
Bunny hopping
SA lameness grade
0 - sound
1 - mild weight bearing lameness
2 - moderate weight bearing lameness
3 - severe weight bearing to toe touching lameness
4 - non weight bearing at all times
Standing exam features
Symmetry
Equal weight distribution
Joint effusion
Things to check in head/axial skeleton
Head
Cervical spine - palpation, ROM
Thoracolumbar spine - direct palp of DSP
Lumbosacral junction - direct palp, tail manip, rectal palp
Phalangeal joints
Nails, interdigital spaces, Joint ROM, pain, thickening
Carpus
Palp of effusion - joint space on either side
ROM - 20-30 * flexion, 180-190 degree extension
Instability - palmar & medial, lateral
Hyperextension injury
Palp of sesamoids - 2 & 7 are usually hurt
Elbow
Effusion - caudal in joint, either side of olecranon
ROM - extension 160, flexion 40-50
Shoulder
normal ROM - Superman, keep elbow in flexion when flexing shoulder
Medial instability - limb in extension, sedated or anesthetized, abduction > 50 degrees is supportive
Shoulder - biceps & muscle palp
Biceps tenosynovitis - palp of biceps tendon of O&I
Muscle palp - supraspinatus infraspinatus
Tarsus
Effusion, ROM 40-45
Medial & lateral instability - need palpate in flex & extend
Long & short collaterals
Superficial digital flexor tendon
Calcaneal tendon - partial vs complete, plantigrade stance
stifle land marks
Tibial crest
Fibular head
Lateral fabella
Patella
Patellar tendon
Stifle
Effusion - bilateral
ROM - hock touch ischial tuberosity in flex, 180 in ext
Sit test - knee ROM
Common stifle injury
Cranial cruciate ligament injury
Cranial drawer
Tibial thrust
Stifle effusion
Pain on hyperextension
Medial buttress
Cranial drawer
Proximal hand
Index on pat, thumb on lat fib - stabilize
Distal hand - intend on tib tub, thumb on fib head, push tibia cranially
Test in flex and ext
Signs of partial tear in cranial drawer
Drawer only in flexion
Full tear on cranial drawer
Drawer in flexion and extension
Cranial tibial thrust
Proximal hand wrap distal femur, index over pat lig, ending on tib tub
Distal hand holds foot - WB flex tib and tars
Normal results cranial tibial thrust
No tibial advancement
Complete CCL rupture
Thrust >1cm
Patellar lux - med and lat
Medial lux - internal rotation of tib - push pat med
Lateral lux - external rotation of tib - push pat lat
Hip
Rom, difficult to palpate effusions
Otrolani
On hips
= hip lax or dysplasia common in young dogs
Check in lat recumbency - upper hand stabilizes patient at pelvis, grasp stifle w lower hand
Press down on greater trochanter to reduce
Palpating hip for luxation /dislocation
Thumb test - caudal to greater trochanter
Triangle test - GT, dorsal Ilial wing, ischial tub
Rectal exam - caudoventral lux, femoral head gets stuck in the obturator foramen
