Anatomy - Body Wall Flashcards
Vertebral formula for carnivores
C7 T13 L7 S3 Cd20
Vertebral formula for EQ
C7 T18 L6 S5 Cd15-21
Vertebral formula for cattle
C7 T13 L6 S5 CD18-20
Vertebral formula for sheep & goats
C7 T13 L6(7) S4 CD16-18
Vertebral foramina create what structure
Vertebral canal for the spinal cord
Purpose of intervertebral foramen
Exit/entrance points for spinal nerves to reach spinal cord/muscles
Difference between lateral vertebral foramina and intervertebral foramen
Intervertebral are created by spaces in between vertebra while lateral foramen are foramen located laterally on the vertebra
Muscle layers at withers
Trapezius
Rhomboideus
Dorsi scapular ligament (EQ only)
DSP are longest where
withers, T2-5
What number and species do the lumbar vertebra articulate
L5 & L6 Transverse processes articulate together, L6 TP articulate w the wings of sacrum
Boundaries of the paralumbar fossa
Dorsally - transverse process of L2-L5
Cranially - last rib
Caudoventrally - muscular ridge of internal abdominal oblique
Nuchal ligament
Funicular - dogs only, T1-C2
Lamellar sheet - absent in dogs
Present in sheep & ox - cranial part is paired, caudal part is unpaired
Bursae of nuchal ligament in horse
Between DSP & funicular part
Cranial nuchal bursa - dorsal to C1
Caudal nuchal bursa - dorsal to C2
Supraspinous bursa
Can get inflamed
Runs laterally = no friction
Nuchal lig in ruminants
Cranial part of the lamellar NL is paired, caudal = unpaired
No bursae
Fistulous withers
Signs of brucella, bulge of neck, inflammation of CNSL bursa =
Poll evil
Inflammation of cranial nuchal (Supra-atlantal) & caudal nuchal bursae
Common place of herniation in IVD
Protrusion/prolapse would occur laterally (place of least resistance)
What vertebra dont have an IVD
Between atlas and axis
IVDD
Can result in nucleus purposes herniated into spinal cord and ruptured annulus fibrosis
Herniation will impinge on spinal cord & can lead to spinal necrosis
Fibrocartilaginous embolism (FCE)
Ischemic necrosis on spinal cord from subsequent herniation of IVD into spinal cord blood vessels also called necrotizing myelopathy, embolic myelopathy, fibrocartialgous infarct or ischemic myelopathy
Quantity and names of ligaments that fix dens of axis
Apical ligament
Transverse ligament of atlas
2 alar ligaments (R&L) - between dense & foramen magnum
Atlanto-axial subluxation
Due to dens movement, abnormality of dens or ligaments of dens
Congenital or acquired
Due to spinal cord compression from dorsally displaced dens
Fascia of trunk contains
Superficial fascia
Deep fascia
Tunica flava abdominis
Fascia of trunk function
Passive support of viscera
Covers surface of EAO of herbs
Contributes to median lig of mammary gland in cow
Cutaneous muscles
Platysma - from nuchal lig towards mouth
- in dog & pig
2 parts
Cutaneous colli
Cutaneous faciei
What species lacks the preputial muscle
Horses
Cutaneous colli muscle in horses
Well developed
Clinically sig for intravenous injection/withdrawal
Clin sig of fold of flank
Skin fold near stifle joint
Contains cutaneous trunci muscle - allows for active twitching of the fold in horses & cattle
What nerve supplies the cutaneous trunk
Lateral thoracic nerve
What muscle in lacks in neck of carnivores?
Omohyoideus muscle
Separates the jug from the carotid sheath
Pinch reflex targets what muscle and nerve
Panniculus reflex
Entering info between T1-L4
Cervical & T1 spinal segs
To cutaneous trunci = twitch
Attachments of trapezius
Parts
Action
Innervation
Dorsal midline & spine of scapula
Cervical & thoracic
Elevate & abduct the limb, cervical part draws limb cranially, thoracic part draws limb caudally
Accessory nerve (5)
Rhomboideus
Attachments
Parts
Action
Innervation
Attachments :Lying under traps
Dorsal midline of neck & cranial thoracic thorax
Insert of medial dorsal border of scapula
Parts: cervical & thoracic (capital in D&C only)
Action: elevate scapula, adduct scapula against body
Innervation: brachial plexus
Brachiocephalicus
Attachment
Action
Innervation
Extends between brachium & head, subq
Crosses shoulder joint, crosses cervical intervertebral joints
Action: NWB - advance limb & extend shoulder jt
WB - draw neck & head laterally
Innervation: accessory & cervical spinal nerve
Brachiocephalicus splits into how many parts
2
Cleidocephalicus - going towards head
Cleidobrachialus - going towards shoulder
Brachiocephalicus in cats
Divided into two parts by clavicle
Cephalicus & Brachialis
Omotransversarius
Attachment
Action
Innervation
Between wing of atlas & acromion of scapula
Passes deep to celidocephalicus
Superficial cervical lymph is deep to it
Action: to draw limb cranially (NWB)
Flex neck laterally (WB)
Innervation
Accessory nerve
Species variation of omotransversarius
EQ - fused w cleidocephalicus, not well developed
RUM - in caudal portion of neck between trap & occipital portion of cleidocephalicus
Latissimus dorsi
Attachment
Action
Innervation
Attachment: thoracolumbar fascia to teres major tub
Action : draw limb caudally & flex shoulder jt
WB - propel body forward
Innervation: thoracodorsal nerve
Serratus ventralis
Attachment
Action
Innervation
Attachment: cervical & thoracic parts
Action : sling for trunk & supports, part of stay apparatus
Innervation: cervical - ventral cervical spinal nerve
Thoracic part - long thoracic nerve
Rupture of serratus ventralis muscle
Trunk dropping ventrally, dorsal border of scapula protrudes under the skin
Superficial pectoral
Attachment
Action
Innervation
SubQ over most of extent
Attachment: two part muscle from sternum to humerus. cranial (descending) caudal (transverse)
Action : adduction
Innervation: brachial plexus (cranial pectoral nerve)
Benefits descending pectoral muscle or cranial superficial pectoral
Ideal for SubQ injections or IM injections in horses
Ideal location for sampling bone marrow
Sternal puncture at 1st sternebra
Cephalic groove - location of vein could be ideal for iV sampling
Deep ascending pectoral
Attachment
Action
Innervation
Called subclavius in horses
Cranial part is covered by superficial pec, subQ for most extend
Attachment: sternum to humerus
Action: adduction
Innervation: brachial plexus (cranial/caudal pectoral nerve)
Superficial thoracic vein
Spur vein
Landmark separating cut trunci & ascending pectoral
Can be used for catheter or IV
Can be injured = hematoma
Subclavius
Attachment
Action
Innervation
Attachment: extends from lateral cranial sternum to fascia of supraspinatus muscle
Action:
Innervation
Unique to horse, small in ruminants
Intercostals responsible for inspiration
External intercostal muscles
Runs caudoventrally
Intercostals responsible for expiratory
Internal intercostal muscles
- runs cranioventrally
