S10: Vaccines

Question 1

For a vaccine to be truly effective, it should do what?

Answer 1

Stimulate cell-mediated immunity and IgA production by mucous production.

Question 2

Which types of immunity is harder to produce?

Answer 2

Cell-mediated and mucosal (IgA) immunity.

Question 3

What type of immunity is easier to produce?

Answer 3

Humoral (IgM), (IgG)

Question 4

What kind of vaccine is needed to induce cell-mediated immunity?

Answer 4

A modified-live virus or a killed vaccine with a highly effective adjuvant

Question 5

What type of vaccine route is best to induce mucosal immunity?

Answer 5

Intra-nasal administration, as the antigen should enter the body at the mucosal surface.

Question 6

What are the 3 types of vaccines containing a virus?

Answer 6

Modified live virus (MLV), killed, and recombinant

Question 7

What is a modified-live virus vaccine?

Answer 7

There is a live, but attenuated, virus in the vaccine. Will replicate/reproduce when introduced in the animal, but should not create disease.

Question 8

What is a killed (inactivated) vaccine?

Answer 8

The virus/bacteria in the vaccine is not live, but instead killed, often by chemical treatment.

Question 9

What is a recombinant vaccine?

Answer 9

Produced through DNA technology. The DNA that encodes an antigen (that stimulates an immune response) is inserted into bacterial or mammalian cells, and the antigen is then expressed and purified in the cells.

Question 10

What are the three types of recombinant vaccines?

Answer 10

Subunit, gene-deleted, vectored

Question 11

What is a subunit recombinant vaccine?

Answer 11

Is produced when genes from a pathogen are placed in another microbe to clone pathogen products. The products are then extracted, isolated, and purified.

Question 12

What are gene-deleted recombinant vaccines?

Answer 12

Produced when specific genes are removed from a pathogen so that it becomes harmless. Also known as genetically attenuated

Question 13

What are vectored recombinant vaccines?

Answer 13

Produced when specific pathogenic material is inserted into a non-pathogenic organism as a carrier for vaccine production. Also known as live recombinant organisms

Question 14

What are Monoclonal (Monovalent)/Polyclonal (Polyvalent) vaccines?

Answer 14

Monoclonal produce immunity directed against a specific pathogen only. Polyclonal produce immunity against more than one pathogen simultaneously

Question 15

How are vaccines usually sold?

Answer 15

As a lyophilized (freeze-dried) powder, to which a certain amount of water is added