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AAA VMS4001 > Ruminants Pathology > Flashcards

Ruminants Pathology Flashcards

1
Q

Field Sx prep considerations

A
  • Hazard analysis - critical control points - how to minimise + back-up plan
  • Sx procedure
  • Handling + restraint facilities
  • Environment - v contaminated
  • Patient + assistants
  • Location - sheltered, weather
  • Flooring - non-slip, clean, bedding, rubber matting
  • Restraint - temperament, compliance, halter, crush, tie small ruminants down
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2
Q

Contaminated environment

A
  • Transport to more appropriate environment
  • Sx freq infected - pre-operatively + prep
  • High likelihood of inadvertent, accidental contamination during Sx
  • Freq need for perioperative AB
  • Inc risk of post-operative infections
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3
Q

Main pre-op considerations

A
  • Local/regional anaesthetic techniques - infiltration/inverted L; proximal/distal paravertebral (T13 - L2 +/-3); epidural (L6 - S1 or C1 - C2)
  • Speed of onset
  • Licensed anaesthetic agents e.g. procaine + adrenaline
  • Analgesia - ideally few hours before/IV at beginning to do Sx prep
  • Pre-op antimicrobial therapy - not advised during Sx
  • FT
  • Sx prep
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4
Q

Pre-op antimicrobial therapy considerations

A
  • Infection status - non-contaminated (0 d min) e.g. LDA correction; contaminated (3 - 5 d min) e.g. C-section to remove dead calf; infected (5 - 7 d min) e.g. TRP
  • Contamination risk - opening viscera; decompressing viscera; duration of Sx + environmental hygiene; patient compliance w/ procedure
  • Likely bacteria present - G+ organisms in skin; G- organisms associated w/ GIT + repro tract; anaerobic organisms - GIT + established peritoneal/uterine infections - resistance + C&S
  • IV/IM
  • Licensed products
  • Milk + meat withhold - therapeutic aspects e.g. spectrum considered first
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5
Q

Opening viscera procedures

A
  • Rumenotomy
  • Typhlotomy - removal of fermenting contents in cattle with enlarged caeca due to hypocalcemia and poor motility and with caecal displacements and torsions
  • C-section
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6
Q

Decompressing viscera procedures

A
  • Right-sided approach to LDA correction
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7
Q

Pre-op FT considerations

A
  • Pre-op assessment - hydration status, degree of shock
  • Likelihood of electrolyte derangement
  • Acid/base balance
  • Route (IVFT/ORT) + timing with regards to Sx
  • Condition - RVA (right displacement + volvulus of abomasum) produces marked systemic shock with severe electrolyte derangement (hypochloraemic, hypokalaemic metabolic alkalosis); grain overload results in systemic shock with a metabolic acidosis
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8
Q

Pre-op Sx prep considerations

A
  • LA first
  • Wide clip area - for procedure, externalisation of viscera necessary
  • Secure tail in cattle - tie to cow
  • Sx scrub
  • Sx gloves, gowns + drapes
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9
Q

Laparotomy considerations

A
  • Access - large abdo size; cranial extension of abdo cavity beneath rib cage - only some viscera can be exposes, others can only be visualised, some only alpated; short mesenteries + omenta limit visceral mobility, rumen obstructs left flank
  • Location of path
  • Technique + familiarity
  • Compliance of patient
  • Handling + restraint
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10
Q

Exploratory laparotomy indications

A
  • Severe or inc abdo pain, unresponsive to analgesics
  • Unresponsive or deteriorating shock
  • HR > 120 BPM, congested MM,
    CRT > 3 s, weak peripheral pulses, cold extremities
  • Rectal exam findings - distended SI loops, tight mesenteric bands, palpable impaction
  • Chronic rumenal indigestion/tympany
  • Complete absence of faecal production
  • Lab findings - clinical biochem - severe pre-renal azotaemia/and or ion sequestration; abdominocentesis suggesting gut necrosis/rupture
  • To obtain Dx
  • Most of time Right approach - access to more organs
  • If have suspicion won’t have access on LHS e.g. TRP penetrated peritoneum - better access to peritoneum
  • RHS impedes access to reticulum - liver
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11
Q

Ruminal Sx disorders

A
  • Traumatic reticulopericarditis (C)
  • Ruminal tympany (bloat)(peracute/chronic) (C/S/G) disorders
  • Impaction (C/S/G)
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12
Q

Abomasal Sx disorders

A
  • Left displaced abomasum (C)
  • Right abomasal dilatation, displacement and volvulus (C)
  • Impaction (C/S/G)
  • Ulceration (C/S/G)
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13
Q

Intestinal Sx disorders (uncommon)

A
  • Intestinal intussusception (C/S/G)
  • Caecal dilatation and torsion (C)
  • Rectal prolapse (C/S/G)
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14
Q

Rumenotomy indications

A
  • Suspected TRP - access to inside of rumen, traumatic reticulo-pericarditis
  • Ruminal FB (esp if linear)
  • Ruminal tympany (chronic/acute) - alternatively place ruminal trochar + red cannula (red devil), frothy/free gas
  • Ruminal impaction
  • Grain overload + acidosis
  • Intoxication
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15
Q

Ruminal trochar placement

A
  • Peracute ruminal tympany unresponsive to decompression
  • Management of chronic ruminal tympany = chronic intermittent bloat
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16
Q

Abomasal disorders - considerations for Sx approach

A
  • Effective return and stabilisation of the abomasum in a normal anatomical
    position
  • Management of concurrent abdominal pathology
  • Minimising additional risk
  • Practicality in light of available handling facilities
  • Economic cost-benefit
  • Surgeon experience and familiarity with the chosen technique
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17
Q

LDA

A
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18
Q

Intra-op complications of LDA Sx

A
  • Failure of decompression - obstruction of tubing; incorrect needle placement; inadequate reach/large abdo size; incorrect Dx
  • Failure of relocation - adhesions; incomplete decompression; dorsal incision placement/deep abdomen (unable to reach ventrally to get abomasum); incorrect Dx
  • Other - peritonitis (v poor Px); friable intra-abdo/omental fat
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19
Q

LDA - open Sx adv

A
  • Good visualisation
  • Concurrent pathology addressed
  • Suitable for most DAs
  • Adhesions of body wall can be managed
  • Low risk of recurrence
  • Prognosis 80 -100%
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20
Q

LDA - open Sx disadv

A
  • More invasive
  • Time consuming
  • More expensive
  • Risk of generalised peritonitis
  • Reasonable surgeon arm length
  • Right paramedian requires rolling
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21
Q

LDA - closed Sx adv

A
  • Less expensive
  • Rapid
  • Any surgeon arm length
  • Relatively low risk of recurrence
  • Prognosis 77 - 91%
  • Inc visualisation + less invasive w/ laparoscopy
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22
Q

LDA - closed Sx disadv

A
  • Blind procedure - less visualisation of other viscera
  • Concurrent pathology not addressed
  • Risk of trauma to other viscera
  • Requires rolling
  • Careful case selection (large gas cap and absent adhesions)
  • Risk of local peritonitis and abomasal fistula
  • Laparoscopy - expensive equipment
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23
Q

RDA - indications for Sx intervention

A
  • Present or deteriorating hypovolaemic/endotoxic shock - torsion more common
  • HR > 120 bpm; congested MM; CRT > 3 s; weak peripheral pulses; cold extremities
  • Severe or inc pain unresponsive to analgesics
  • Regurg on passing stomach tube
  • No response to conservative management in 2 - 4 h
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24
Q

Caesarean section indications

A
  • Irreducible obstructive dystocia
  • Absolute foetal oversize
  • Uncorrected faulty posture / position / presentation
  • Congenital monster - deformities
  • Irreducible uterine torsion
  • Prolonged duration of dystocia
  • Delayed assistance
  • Insufficient progress towards vaginal delivery
  • Appropriate manual / mechanical traction is ineffective
  • Foetal distress
  • Elective caesarean section
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25
Q

Maternal dystocia - inadequate expulsive forces

A
  • Primary uterine inertia - overstretching; incorrect E2 : P4 ratio; inadequate secretion of oxytocin + PGF2 section; failure of receptor regulation/development; Ca2+ and/or Mg2+ deficiency; fatty infiltration of myometrium; nervous voluntary inhibition; hysteria
  • Secondary uterine inertia - myometrial ‘exhaustion’
  • Weak abdo straining - age, debility, pain, herniation of uterus
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26
Q

Maternal dystocia - inadequate size of birth canal (obstructive dystocia)

A
  • Incomplete dilation/constriction of birth canal - uterus: torsion, displacement; cervix: ringwomb, (incomplete dilation), duplication; vagina: stricture, neoplasms, cystocele, prolapse, vestigial structures; vulva: stricture, incomplete relaxation
  • Feto-maternal (pelvic) disproportion - inadequate pelvis - immature; Fx; breed deformity
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27
Q

Foetal dystocia - oversize, feto-maternal (pelvic) disproportion (obstructive dystocia)

A
  • Relative + absolute - small litter; breed; prolonged gestation’ IVM/IVF derived embryos
  • Congenital monsters
  • Foetal pathology - ascites; anasarca; emphysema
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28
Q

Foetal dystocia - fault disposition (obstructive dystocia)

A
  • Presentation
  • Position
  • Posture
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29
Q

C-section - additional pre-op considerations

A
  • Calf - size + weight, position + location, preparation for resuscitation, availability of Doxapram
  • Cow - uterine contraction (clenbuterol); abdo contraction (epidural); recum vs standing; temperament + available safe restraint
  • Equipment - calving ropes, Kruse caesarean knife; tie a long rope to contralateral HL
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30
Q

C-section - right-sided paralumbar fossa laparotomy indications

A
  • Calf in the right horn (especially posterior presentations)
  • Intractable uterine torsion
  • History of previous surgery on the left flank
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31
Q

C-section - left ventrolateral laparotomy indications

A
  • Useful dead emphysematous foetus
  • Improved uterine exposure and reduced contamination of abdomen
  • Requires right lateral recumbency and elevated right hind limb
  • Closure is more involved and prolonged
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32
Q

C-section - common complications

A
  • Infections - peritonitis,metritis, incisional infection + woun dehiscence
  • RFM
  • Abomasal disorders
  • Adhesions
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33
Q

Episiotomy indications

A

(Cut between vagina and anus (perineum))
- Heifers
- Incomplete relaxation of posterior vagina/vulva (usually heifers)
- Prevent tearing of vaginal wall

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34
Q

Vaginal/cervial prolapse considerations

A
  • Usually in mature cows/ewes - last trimester
  • Elevation of intraabdominal pressure - Pregnant uterus; Fat; Rumen distention; Due to relaxation and softening of pelvic canal/perineum (oestrogens and relaxin)
  • Severely damage to prolapse or unresponsive to treatment - elective caesarean might be indicated (premature neonates), +/- induction
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35
Q

Atresia ani

A
  • Lambs
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36
Q

Elastrator bands - adv

A
  • No training /expertise
  • Farmers can use
  • No open wound
  • Quick + easy
  • Can combine w/ tagging
37
Q

Elastrator bands - disadv

A
  • Cannot use in older animals - becomes one big necrotic tissue mass, poor age compliance
  • Chronic pain + reduced growth rate
  • No local anaesthetic - welfare, analgesia not always used
  • Unilateral or failed castration due to testicular retraction
  • Failure of elastrator ring
  • Dehiscence + infection
38
Q

Burdizzo - adv

A
  • Good option for poor hygiene when don’t want open wound
  • Local given > 2 m/o by vet
  • Performed by farmer up to 2 m/o
  • No training/expertise
39
Q

Burdizzo - disadv

A
  • Testicles not removed - potential still left entire
  • Failure to occlude blood vv / failure to occlude vas deferens
  • Accidental crushing of urethra - if crush too high up = fatal
  • Sloughing of scrotal skin - clamped too many blood vv
40
Q

Surgical castration, twist + pull - adv

A
  • Guaranteed both testicles
  • Anaesthesia + analgesia used
  • Quickest Sx castration
  • Can remove inguinal testicles also
  • Carry out on any age
41
Q

Surgical castration, twist + pull - disadv

A
  • H+
  • Infection + abscessation
  • Fly strike
  • Tetanus
  • Eventration
  • Adhesions of remnant of spermatic cord to bowel (rare + operable_
  • Herniation - tunic = extension of peritoneum
  • Must be carried out by vet
  • Open wound - risk if poor hygiene
42
Q

Surgical castration, emasculator - adv

A
  • Guaranteed both testicles
  • Anaesthesia + analgesia used
  • Can remove inguinal testicles also
  • Carry out on any age
43
Q

Surgical castration, emasculator - disadv

A
  • Must be carried out by a vet
  • Open wound - risk if hygiene
  • Clamp must remain in place for 1 - 2 min
  • Risk of bleeding / infection
44
Q

Sheep + goat castration considerations

A
  • Small ruminants - more sensitive to local anaesthetic, small amounts toxic to goats
  • Large testicular to bodyweight ratio
  • Large vasculature
  • Higher likelihood of herniation
  • GA/Sedation risk
  • Pet animals
45
Q

Vasectomy

A
  • To produce teaser males
  • Removing spermatic cord + leaving testes; removal of a segment of ductus deferens
  • Mostly done in sheep, can do in cattle
46
Q

Vasectomy - post-op care advice + complications

A
  • Could be fertile for up to 6 weeks after procedure
  • Some evidence to suggest they are infertile after 2 weeks - leave for 2 w until introduced to any fertile females
  • Preserve sections in formalin
  • Could semen test before use to confirm have the spermatic cord
  • Infection
  • Herniation
  • Haemorrhage
  • Recanalisation and misalliance
  • Testicular atrophy
  • Removal of wrong thing
47
Q

Urolithiasis

A
  • Small ruminants, can affect cattle
  • Ca2+, Mg2+, NH3, PO4^3-
  • Risk factors - early castration (prevent full urethra dilation, stones stuck), high BCS, high conc diet, inadequate water supply
  • Obstruction to urethra +/- bladder rupture
  • Calcium phosphate most common
48
Q

Urolithiasis - Dx

A
  • CS - discomfort/colic, dry prepuce, kicking at abdo, inappetence, pulsating urethra on rectal exam
  • Dx - US examination of bladder-large/presence of uroliths
  • Usually found at sigmoid flexure or vermiform appendage (urethral process)
49
Q

Urolithiasis - pathogenesis

A
  • 1). High conc, low roughage diet
  • 2). Dec production of saliva
  • 3). Reduced excretion of phosphorus through saliva + into faeces
  • 4). Inc levels of phosphorus get secreted in urine
  • 5). Formation of urinary calculi
50
Q

Urolithiasis Sx - post-op complications

A
  • Complication rate high
  • Bladder rupture
  • Infection - cystitis
  • Urethritis
  • Recurrent obstruction
  • Urine scald
  • Anaesthetic complications
51
Q

Castration - general anaesthesia recommended

A
  • Mature goats / sheep (> 6 - 8 )
  • Due to large relative testicular size + associated vasculature
52
Q

Cattle castration - haemostasis

A
  • < 6 m = torsion + traction
  • 6 - 12 m = torsion, emasculators
  • > 12 m = emasculators
53
Q

Sheep + goats castration - haemostasis

A
  • < 2 m = torsion + traction
  • > 2 m = emasculators
54
Q

Other conditions of the penis + prepuce

A
  • Penile haematoma -> adhesions/abscessation - rupture of tunica albuginea, conservative Tx or Sx to remove blood, clots + serum
  • Penile deviations - spiral deviation -> ejaculation slips to side, Sx to anchor apical ligament to penis so cannot slip laterally
  • Penile fibropapillloma - young bulls (1 - 2 y/o) -> makes intrommission impossible + H+ affects semen quality - Sx = resection
  • Persistent frenulum - Sx = resection of fibrous band under local
55
Q

Umbilical disorders

A
  • Omphalitis (‘Navel ill’) - infection of umbilical stump
  • Umbilical abscess - organised infection - superficial or intra-abdominal
  • Umbilical hernia - simple or complicated w/ concurrent infection
  • Umbilical remnant disorders - urachal abscess, infection/abscessation of umbilical vein/arteries, persistent urachus
56
Q

Omphalitis (Navel ill/umbilical abscess)

A
  • Infection of umbilical stum,p - poor hygiene + poor umbilical care of neonate
  • Umbilical abscess = 2y to omphalitis - walled off infection persists in umbilical stump
  • May be concurrent w/ umbilical hernia
57
Q

Omphalitis (Navel ill/umbilical abscess) - Dx

A
  • Firm, hot, painful, non-reducible mass (cannot put back into abdo)
  • Pyrexia + systemic illness
  • Draining + sinus tract/purulent discharge
  • US - hyperechoic pus = ‘starry sky’
    (Hernia = ST + guts on US + will see perstalsis movement)
  • Risk of hernia + abscess at same time
  • Deep abdo palp -> palpable intra-abdo dorsal extension of umbilical mass + on US
58
Q

Umbilical hernia

A
  • Ventral midline body wall defect extending causally from umbilicus
  • Contents: greater omentum/abomasal fundus/intestinal loops (rare) - short mesentery attachments + enclosure in mental sling so less moveable
  • Strangulation of intestines = emergency - lack of blood supply + necrosis, can deteriorate v quickly
  • Due to failure of normal development + closure of umbilicus
  • Dx - soft, non-painful, reducible lump, present shortly after birth
59
Q

Umbilical hernia - pre-op considerations

A
  • Case selection - small defects unlikely to become strangulating and can resolve themselves
  • Large defects require surgical treatment
  • Leaving/fattening the patient may result in entrapment and strangulation
  • Age - old enough have strength for healing, holds fibrous ring suture / young - standing Sx, less rumen pressure on ventral abdo, perform from 8 - 12 w + reduced anaesthetic risk
  • Anaesthesia - GA - ketamine + xylazine; high dose caudal epidural will immobilise back legs - consider aftercare of dragging back legs + ventral abdo; sedation + local infiltration
  • Antibiotics
  • Analgesia - NSAIDs
60
Q

Umbilical hernia - complications and aftercare

A
  • At surgery - intestine adhered to body wall within hernia -> end to end anastomosis
  • Infection - wound dehiscence
  • Haemorrhage
  • Failure of sutures -> re-herniation
  • Immediate post-operative complications: hypothermia, poor recovery, recovery injuries
  • Clean bedding
  • Close monitoring
61
Q

Umbilical remnant disorders

A
  • Urachal abscess - FNA only good Dx for abscess
  • Infection/abscessation of umbilical vein/arteries
  • Abscess + hernia at same time
  • Patent urachus - ligate
62
Q

Atresia ani/recti

A
  • Failure of anal opening
  • Congenital abnormality
  • Surgical repair required
  • 1). Colon/rectum still attached to anal sphincter but skin covering in place, Sx to keep tissues open + connect hole
  • 2). Rectum still there but not attached to anal sphincter, no link w/ hole will just go straight into abdo
  • CS - anorexia, dullness, abdo distension, discomfort, straining, no anus, no faeces
63
Q

Horn Sx - what is preferred?

A
  • Disbudding (over dehorning) -
  • Less stressful + safer for calf + vet
  • Improved local anaesthesia
  • Reduced risk of horn regrowth
  • 1 - 2 w/o (horn buds palpable)
  • Or at castration, 4 - 6 w but double stress
  • Polled breed (strains) = Hereford, Aberdeen Angus
64
Q

Disbudding + dehorning - complications + after-care advice

A
  • Inadequate anaesthesia
  • Haemorrhage
  • Infection: dehiscence or sinusitis
  • Consider environment scratching on e.g. fence -> introduction of infection
  • Fly strike
  • Regrowth
65
Q

Goat disbudding complications

A
  • High risk
  • Anaesthetic risks
  • Ineffective anaesthesia
  • Hypothermia - from injectable anaesthesia
  • Brain damage - if leave hot iron on for too long can burn brain -> necrosis
  • Skill Fx - thinner skull, inc risk
  • REGROWTH - more common than in cattle
  • Infection
  • Fly strike
66
Q

Umbilical remnant infection - urachus; urachal abscess

A
  • Common
  • +/- Purulent umbilical discharge
  • +/- Pyrexia
  • Poor growth/ill-thrift
  • Pollakiuria = freq + small vols of urine passed
  • Stranguria, pyuria + haematuria if concurrent cystitis
  • Deep abdo palp -> palpable intra-abdo caudal extension of umbilical mass + on US
67
Q

Umbilical remnant infection - urachus; persistent urachus

A
  • Common
  • Leaking urine from umbilicus
68
Q

Umbilical remnant infection - umbilical vein; omphalophlebitis umbilical vein abscess

A
  • Uncommon
  • +/- Purulent umbilical discharge
  • +/- Pyrexia
  • Poor growth/ill-thrift
  • Septicaemia + death
  • Deep abdo palp -> palpable intra-abdo cranial extension of umbilical mass + on US
69
Q

Umbilical remnant infection - umbilical arteries; ophaloarteritis

A
  • Rare
  • +/- Purulent umbilical discharge
  • +/- Pyrexia
  • Poor growth/ill-thrift
70
Q

Umbilical repair Sx (herniorrhaphy)

A
  • Umbilical hernias > 2 - 3 cm
  • Complicated hernias where there is concurrent abscessation or presence of umbilical remnants
71
Q

En-bloc resection

A
  • Removal of entire tissues w/o violating capsule
  • Chronic, intractable omphalitis
  • Umbilical abscess complicated by herniation
  • Umbilical remnant infection
  • Provide pre-op systemic AB min 3 days prior to Sx to reduce contamination of surrounding tissues
  • Initial drainage + lavage may be appropriate in some cases
72
Q

Fx management considerations

A
  • FX site - distal > proximal, humeral/femoral - require euth, near impossible to stabilise
  • Fx type closed > open; simple > comminuted; mid-diaphyseal > joint
  • Animal size + weight younger = lighter, grow v quickly, need casting q 2 - 3 w, will heal by 6 q
73
Q

Deep digital sepsis (DDS) -> digital amputation

A
  • Septic pedal arthritis/osteitis
  • +/- Navicular bone arthritis/osteitis
  • Retroarticular abscess
  • Synovitis + tenosynovitis
  • If DDFT gets infected, infection travels up tendon
  • Solar ulcer/white line disease - infection gets into foot structure -> septic joints -> DDS
74
Q

Digital amputation

A
  • Mainly cattle - dairy, beef = 2y to injury
  • Deep digital sepsis (DDS)
  • Toe necrosis
  • Intractable claw horn laemness - DDS, toe necrosis, non-healing WLD
  • Trauma (uncommon) - degloving/disarticulation
  • Sheep + goats do well as less weight
  • Most common = lateral hind limb claw amputation
  • Infection + non-healing, big wound left to heal by second intention, rely on granulation tissue for healing
75
Q

Digital amputation - considerations

A
  • Salvage procedure - if no other Tx successful
  • Px, palliative care, culling
  • Area of deep digital sepsis (DDS)
  • Other lameness in other limbs
  • Imperfect contralateral claw
  • Farm environment
  • Nursing care available/post-op care
76
Q

Digital amputation - complications

A
  • H+
  • Infection - dehiscence, osteomyelitis or ascending tenosynovitis
  • Ischaemia + sloughing of sound claw due to tourniquet/thrombus formation
  • Premature culling
  • Px = guarded - dependent on case selection + post-op care
77
Q

Teat Sx

A
  • Supernumerary teats
  • Teat lacerations
  • Teat amputation
  • Streak canal obstructions
  • Fistulas
78
Q

Supernumerary teat removal

A
  • Obstruction at milking
  • Greater risk of liner slip
  • Cosmetic - show animals
  • Performed in young calves at disbudding
  • > 3 m/o anaesthetic required + by vet
79
Q

Teat lacerations

A
  • Common - standing on teat
80
Q

Teat lacerations - pre-op considerations

A
  • Full vs partial thickness - don’t want to be deep in lumen, partial thickness through skin or will affect canal patency
  • Consider amputation
  • Age of wound
  • Canal patency - teat cannula can be kept in for patency
  • Interruption to blood supply
  • Vertical vs horizontal laceration
81
Q

Teat amputation

A
  • Teat injury
  • Chronic mastitis - when one quarter turns into one big abscess, remove teat -> allows drainage + heals
  • Three quarters
82
Q

Teat amputation - complications/after care

A
  • H+
  • Infection
  • AB
  • Flushing depending on cause
83
Q

Entropion

A
  • In-turned eyelid
  • Hereditary problems in sheep (carried by the Ram)
  • Secondary corneal ulceration
  • Treatment varies on severity
84
Q

Enucleation

A
  • Often 2y to entropion
  • Neoplasia - Squamous cell carcinoma of
    third eyelid, white faced cattle e.g.
    Hereford, causes ulceration from rubbing on eye
  • Infection - intractable uveitis, severe ulceration: New forest eye, Silage eye, -> deep ulcer through layers of eye about to rupture -> rupture of eye globe, need removing
  • Injury - globe rupture, penetrating injury
85
Q

Enucleation - complications

A
  • Complications
  • Infection
  • Haemorrhage
  • Wound breakdown
86
Q

Tail amputation

A
  • Traumatic injury
  • Ischaemic injury - tail tape, faecal build-up
  • Paralysis - to prevent injury
87
Q

Tail amputation - complications

A
  • Swelling
  • H+
  • Infection
  • Wound breakdown
  • Osteomyelitis
88
Q

Digital amputation - contraindications

A
  • Imperfect contralateral claw on same limb
  • Severe, ascending tenosynovitis
  • Lameness affecting another limb
89
Q

Teat canal obstruction

A
  • Blind/blocked teats in maiden heifers
  • Trauma and scarring

AAA VMS4001 (15 decks)

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