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AAA VMS4001 > Farm and Production Animals Tx + Procedures > Flashcards

Farm and Production Animals Tx + Procedures Flashcards

1
Q

Increasing duration of local anaesthetic

A
  • Combine w/ vasoconstricting drug e.g. Epinephrine -> slower systemic uptake
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2
Q

Neurological effects of inc local anaesthetic dose toxicity

A
  • Nausea
  • Muscle twitching
  • Sedation
  • Seizures
  • Unconsciousness
  • Resp arrest
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3
Q

Cardiovascular effects of inc local anaesthetic dose toxicity

A
  • Cardiac arrhythmia
  • Cardiac arrest
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4
Q

Use of morphine

A
  • Epidural
  • Intra-articular
  • Horses only
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5
Q

Alpha-2 agonists (sedation)

A
  • Xylazine
  • Detomidine
  • Risk of abortion - cause smooth muscle relxation
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6
Q

Topical

A
  • Anaesthetise tissue directly
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7
Q

Local

A
  • Admin around nerve or as a ring block/perinural
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8
Q

Regional

A
  • Admin distant from surgical site creating a whole anaesthetised region
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9
Q

Local anaesthetic injection sites in head - ruminants

A
  • Local infiltration of eyelids
  • Infraorbital
  • Mental
  • Cornural
  • Auriculopalpebral
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10
Q

Local anaesthetic injection sites in head - dehorning

A
  • Infratrochlear
  • Cornual
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11
Q

Local anaesthetic injection site - castration

A
  • Intra-testicular block
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12
Q

Epidural - general

A
  • Regional anaesthesia
  • Pot complications - inadvertent intra-thecal injection, hypotension, motor block, urinary retention (morphine), neuro injury - from drugs - preservatives, adrenaline; infection, haematoma, trauma
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13
Q

Epidural - cattle + small ruminants

A
  • Co1 - Co2
  • Procaine (lidocaine) 4 mL + Xylazine 1 mL
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14
Q

Epidural - small ruminants

A
  • Lubo-sacral
  • Lidocaine 1 mL/5 kg
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15
Q

Digital Sx - regional infiltrative nerve blocks

A
  • Infiltrative nerve blocks - ulnar, median, radial n. (forelimb) + hindlimb
  • 1 - 2 mL per site
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16
Q

Digital Sx - regional intravenous regional nerve blocks

A
  • Restraint, torniquet, inject 20 - 30 mL lidocaine (2%), give 10 - 15 min for full desensitisation, 20 min before moving tourniquet (leave on for up to 2 h in cattle + horses), provide good haemostasis
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17
Q

Ocular Sx - regional retrobulbar nerve block

A
  • 1 or 4 point technique - insert needle percutaneously through eyelid, through conjunctiva or 3rd eyelid
  • 4 - 6” needle, 10 - 15 mL procaine (5) + epinephrine
  • Pot complications - globe puncture, inc IOP, retrobulbar H+, subarachnoid injection, optica nerve trauma, oculocardiac reflex
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18
Q

Ocular Sx - regional Peterson’s nerve block

A
  • Depression where caudal rim of orbit meets zygomatic arch - rostral to the coronoid process of mandable
  • 10 cm needle aimed rostroventrally towards point of ‘cone’ made by orbital contents
  • Pot complications - anatomy knowledge needed, IV injection, blinking prevented to eye vulnerable to dust/trauma, keep out of bright light
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19
Q

Flank laparotomy - regional line nerve block

A
  • Injection of LA in line at site of injection (5 - 6 locations, make caudal incision)
  • Adv - simple, little anatomical knowledge
  • Disadv - large vol local (100 mL), no muscle relaxation - muscles in paralumbar fossa take longer to health, distortion of Sx site, H+ = messy Sx for closing up
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20
Q

Flank laparotomy - regional inverted L block nerve block

A
  • Adv - limited anatomical knowledge, local proximal to Sx site - further away, easy to extend if block fails, some muscle relaxation = less muscle damage
  • Disadv - large vol local, time consuming
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21
Q

Flank laparotomy - regional paravertebral nerve block

A
  • Adv - local distal to Sx site, small vol local, good muscle relaxation, reliably anaethetises all layers of body wall
  • Disadv - time consuming, requires sig anatomical knowledge, difficult in well-muscled + fat individuals, not easy to extend if fails
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22
Q

Flank laparotomy - regional proximal paravertebral nerve block (Liverpool technique)

A
  • L2 transverse process, walk off back, blocks L2 n.
  • L1 transverse process, walk off back, blocks L1 n.
  • L1 transverse process, walk off front, blocks T13 n.
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23
Q

Flank laparotomy - regional proximal paravertebral nerve block (Cambridge technique)

A
  • L3 transverse process, walk off front, blocks L2 n.
  • L2 transverse process, walk off front, blocks L1 n.
  • L1 transverse process, walk off front, blocks T13 n.
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24
Q

Distal paravertebral block - the Cornell Technique

A
  • Distal to transverse process, above + below
  • L1, L2, T13
  • Go above then withdraw
25
Q

Multimodal analgesia - pig, ruminants, camelids

A
  • NSAID - Flunixin, Ketoprofen, Meloxicam (licenced in pigs + ruminants)
  • Opioid - butorphanol (not licensed)
  • Local - procaine +/- xylazine
  • Adjunct - alpha-2 agonists, ketamine (sub-anaesthetic dose = anaesthetic, not for licensed for pain)
  • Not licensing in camelids
26
Q

Injectable sedation + anaesthesia (pig)

A
  • Sedation pre-med - Azaparone - 1 - 2 mg/kg deep IM, Xylazine, alpha-2 agonists (Xylazine - 1 - 3 mg/kg, Detomidine - 0.1 mg/kg)
  • Analgesia - NSAIDs (metacam), butorphanol
  • Local - procaine w/ adrenaline
  • Induction - ketamine - 15 - 20 mg/kg (or 5 mg/kg IV) IM after Azaperone pre-med -> 40 min anaesthesia
  • Maintenance - isoflurane (inhalant), 5 mg/kg IM/IV Ketamine q 30 min after induction
27
Q

Injectable sedation + anaesthesia (ruminants)

A
  • Sedation + pre-med - Detomidine (Atipamezole cannot be used in FPAs) - 0.1 mg /kg, Xylazine - 1 - 3 mg/kg IM, butorphanol - 0.01 mg/kg (+ Xylazine), Ketamine - 0.05 - 0.1 mg/kg
  • Analgesia - NSAID (Metacam), butorphanol
  • Local - Procaine (+ adrenaline)
  • Induction - Ketamine - 2 - 2.5 mg/kg IV after sedation (xylazine + butorphanol), up to 5 mg/kg IV
  • Maintenance - Isoflurane (inhalant), intermittent bolus of ketamine, 1/3 induction dose q 8 min, or CRI - 10 mL ketamine + 2.5 mL xylazine into 500 mL IV 2 - 3 drops/s (1 mL/kg/h)
    (DON’T DO INHALATION - risk of bloat)
28
Q

Injectable anaesthesia - standing stun (ruminants)

A
  • Xylazine, 0.02 - 0.025 mg/kg
  • Ketamine - 0.05 - 0.1 mg/kg
  • Butorphanol - 0.02 - 0.1 mg/kg
  • Sub-anaesthetic chemical restraint
  • E.g. Ketamine triple stun - goat dehorning
  • Lasts 15 - 20 min
29
Q

Injectable anaesthesia - recumbent stun (ruminants)

A
  • Xylazine, 0.02 - 0.05 mg/kg
  • Ketamine - 0.3 - 0.5 mg/kg
  • Butorphanol - 0.05 - 0.1 mg/kg
  • Sub-anaesthetic chemical restraint
30
Q

Injectable anaesthesia + anaesthesia (camelids)

A
  • Sedation + premed - Detomidine, Xylazine, Ketamine (3 mg/kg) - atipamezole, not FPA?
  • Analgesia - NSAID (Metacam), Butorphanol (0.03 - 0.1 mg/kg, sed)
  • Local - Procaine (+ Adrenaline)
  • Induction - Ketamine
  • Maintenance - Isoflurane (inhalant)
31
Q

Ketamine stun (camelids)

A
  • 100 mg Xylazine
  • 1000 mg Ketamine
  • 10 mg Butorphanol
  • Into 100 mL in water solution bottle
  • 1 mL + 1 mL/19 kg alpaca
  • Sx castration
  • 20 - 30 min
32
Q

Xylazine - standing sedation 30 min (camelids)

A
  • 0.1 - 0.2 mg/kg IV
33
Q

Xylazine - recum 30 min (camelids)

A
  • 0.3 - 0.4 mg/kg IV
34
Q

Xylazine - 30 min sedation (camelids)

A
  • 0.4 - 0.6 mg/kg IM
35
Q

Xylazine - 30 - 60 min sedation (camelids)

A
  • 0.25 - 0.35 mg/kg + Ketamine 3 - 8 mg/kg Ketamine
  • IV = lower dose
  • IM = higher dose
36
Q

Castration (alpaca)

A
  • Restraint/handling
  • Aseptic technique
  • Scrotal = standing under sedation/local, younger animal > 18 m, younger, vessels small, leave open to heal, slower 2nd intention healing
  • Pre-scrotal - lateral recum, GA only (less pain + recovery time), quicker 1y healing of incision
  • Open castration - close
  • Similar to cattle - twist/torsion + traction/pull = open
  • Clamp + ligate if bigger vessels = open/closed
  • Leave skin un-sutured
37
Q

Tooth root abscess (alpaca)

A
  • Long-term AB - 6 - 8 w
  • Analgesia = NSAIDs
  • Tooth extraction
  • Tooth splitting
  • Tooth root resection - referral Sx, lateral alveolar plate resection (mandible, incise ventrolaterally/corner, bring down + out) at least under heavy sedation
  • Size of swelling related to chronicity, bony changes -> poor Px
38
Q

Uterine torsion (camelid)

A
  • Rolling, direction of twist (usually clockwise) + hold foetus in position whilst rolling uterus
  • Stabilise uterus through body wall
  • Sx (caesarean) - when rolling not effects, foetal compromise, cannot determine direction of twist
39
Q

Caesarean (alpaca)

A
  • Patient choice - ischaemia/necrosis of uterus, foetal stress/hypoxia/deat, CVS stress - correct prior, during + post Sx
  • Line block + lateral incision
  • Anaesthesia - Local +/- sedation, Ketamine stun for fractious animals
  • Analgesia - NSAIDs
  • AB - broad spectrum coverage
40
Q

Uterine prolapse (camelid)

A
  • Emergency - patient choice
  • Anaesthesia - epidural - procaine
  • Analgesia - NSAIDs
  • AB - broad spectrum
41
Q

Angular limb deformities (camelid)

A
  • Early recognition - Vit D + splinting long-term, both legs
  • Sx for older cria = transphyseal bridging - growth phase, wedge osteotomy when growth plates have closed
  • Referral Sx
42
Q

Anaesthesia for minor Sx (pig)

A
  • 2 mg/kg azaperone
  • 15 - 20 mg/kg ketamine
  • Duration = 30 min
  • Onset sed = 30 min (long)
43
Q

Anaesthesia for major Sx (pig)

A
  • 5 mg/kg ketamine
  • 1 - 3 mg/kg xylazine
  • 0.1 - 0.2 mg/kg butorphanol
  • Can top up w/ ketamine q 20 min
  • Duration 40 - 60 min
44
Q

Castration therapeutics (pig)

A
  • Analgesia = meloxicam licensed IM + oral

Pet pigs:
- Anaesthesia = chemical restraint: Azaperone in small well-handled pigs; Ketamine + Xylazine +/- Butorphanol
- AB - more invasive Sx in older animals

(Same for hernia repair - but AB as abdo Sx in non-sterile environment)

45
Q

Castration (pig)

A
  • Aseptic skin prep
  • Infusion of local anaesthetic in scrotal skin, testes +/- spermatic cord
  • Incise though scrotum over testes individually - at level of inguinal ring
  • Breakdown gubernaculum ligament
  • Open castration = recommended in male adult large boar, for ligation of vv, H+ more risk of concern (torison + traction, ligating) - incise through tunica vaginalis + exteriorise testes
  • Torsion + traction (care) in small piglets
  • Clamp cord + double ligate transfixing ligatue to prevent slip
  • Scrotal wound left open for drainage
  • Tunica vaginalis/inguinal ring closed after castration to reduce risk of inguinal herniation
  • (Closed castration (at risk breeds - herniation), tunic intact, or modified open to closed)
46
Q

Correction of hernias alongside/before castration (pig)

A
  • Easier closure of inguinal ring
  • Approach as if closed castration
  • Reduce hernia
  • Twist spermatic cord
  • Clamp + ligate twisted cord to contain hernia
  • Close inguinal ring
47
Q

Hernia correction (pig)

A

Umbilical
- Same as cattle approach
- Can contain omentum + intestines
- Penis + prepuce reflected to access hernia
- Open/closed hernia repair - either cut through or leave peritoneum intact
- Often adhesions - so hernia sac may need to be opened + explored

Inguinal
- LHS more common
- Can contain omentum + intestines
- Alongside castration
- Hold piglet upside down/at angle
- Gravity to advantage
- Milk contents of hernia through inguinal canal
- Leave closed for castration
- Twist entire cord - vasculature + tunica
- Clamp + ligate
- Closing everything in sac, tight as pos

  • AB - penicillin, cephalosporin (travel to skin)
48
Q

Tail docking (pig)

A
  • No anaesthetic
  • Emasculators to crush
  • Scalpel to remove tail/sharp pilers
  • Not too small = inc risk of rectal prolapse
49
Q

Tooth clipping (pig)

A
  • Canine teeth - cut back to gum line
  • > 18 h old - avoids colostrum intake disruption
50
Q

Tusk trimming (pig)

A
  • Restrain by snare/deep sedation/GA
  • Length of embryotomy (obstetrical wire) w/ handles on each end
  • Cut just above gum margin (above pulp cavity)
  • Edges of tooth rasped to remove sharp edges
  • May have to be repeated q 6 - 12 m depending on growth rate
51
Q

Caesarean (pig)

A
  • Supportive therapy for exhaustion - analgesia, AB
  • GA - X, K, B combo
  • Lateral recum
  • Easy to exteriorise uterus
  • Incise as close to bifurcation as possible
  • Milk piglets down horn to incision + remove
  • Close in more layers than cattle/sheep
  • SC/fat layer closure
52
Q

Uterine prolapse (pig)

A
  • GA/heavy sed + epidural
  • Uterine amputation if not possible to replace
  • Check for lacerations + repair, if full depth/sow in severe shock then euth recommended
  • Wash
  • Apply sugar/electrolyte powder to reduce oedema
  • Lube not recommended
  • Replace horns progressively, starting from vulval lips
  • Instil 3 L sterile saline solution into horns after replacement
  • Admin oxytocin to encourage uterine involution
  • Or lateral laparotomy to pull uterus horns into abdo possible
53
Q

Uterine amputation (pig)

A
  • Haemostasis - base of uterus surrounded by overlapping mattress suture, full thickness of uterine wall tied tightly (monofilament nylon material)
  • Amputation - two anchor pins, distal uterus amputated distal to mattress suture line
  • Ligation of bleeding vessels
  • Removal of anchor pins
  • Uterine stump replaced into pelvis
  • SC purse string suture arounf vulva
54
Q

Rectal prolapse (pig)

A
  • Replacement (lube) + application of sphincter purse string suture, then remove later
  • NSAID med
  • Soft feed - inc water intake
  • Under epidural
  • Prolapse amputation
55
Q

Rectal prolapse amputation (pig)

A
  • Anaesthesia - sed + epidural/GA - xylazine in epidural = reduced tenesmus q 24 h, local perianal infiltration
  • Analgesia = NSAIDs
  • Complications = anal stricture
  • Insert tube into prolapse + rectum to ensure patency
  • Rubber ring or tightly tied suture material around tube - purse string suture rectum
  • Cut off blood supply + necrotic tissue falls off within 3 - 7 d
56
Q

Entropion (pig)

A
  • GA - approach as dog/lamb Sx
  • If 2y ulceration of eyeball -> enucleation
  • Length + width of skin resected - place pair of forceps 3 - 5 mm below/parallel to lower lid margin
  • Test length + width of skin held between jaws of forceps
  • Position forceps adjusted so entropion is resolved w/o entropion
  • Removal of skin - ridge of skin marked by jaws of forceps removed using scalpel
  • Skin incision - closed using interrupted PDS sutures
  • Complications - under-correction
  • Can repeat if problems of upper eyelid
57
Q

OVH (pig)

A
  • GA anaesthesia
  • Analgesia - NSAIDs
  • More vascular braod ligament than dogs
58
Q

Cutting of alpaca fighting teeth to reduce risk of injury

A
  • w/o anaesthesia using embryotomy/cutting wire
  • Not invase/painful, patient can be restrained
59
Q

A farmer has requested placement of a nose ring in a 18 month old pedigree Belgian Blue bull. Which of the following loco-regional anaesthetic techniques is the most appropriate?

A

-Infraorbital nerve block - will block the upper lip, nostril, and floor of the nasal cavity rostral to the block

AAA VMS4001 (15 decks)

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