NTCA Pathology Flashcards
1
Q
Anaesthetic risks and related morbidity mortality (rabbit)
A
- Small size/anatomy - airway obstruction (long narrow mouth, large tongue base), compression of thorax/abdomen, difficult vascular access, need for ET intubation
- High metabolic rate - hypoglycaemia, rapid drug metabolism, high fluid requirement - no fasting, cannot V+
- High SA:V - hypothermia - minimal fur removal, limit alcohol based products + wetting patient
- Stress, pain, starvation, change in diet -> ileus
- Underlying disease - malnutrition (dental disease, stabilise before anaesthesia); resp disease (pasteurellosis; hypoxaemia; precipitation of clinical disease)
2
Q
Anaesthetic risks (reptile)
A
- Heart w/ 2 atria + 1 ventricle - challenge to induce via inhalant, shunts blood to periphery instead of lungs
- Episodic respiratory pattern
- No diaphragm - same muscles for inspiration/expiration
- Inspiration/expiration active process
- Ectothermic - cannot internally regulate temp
- Glottis at base of tongue - don’t cuff complete tracheal rings (chelonia)
- Respiratory controlled by ppCO2 + ppO2 - preO2 w/ both CO2 + O2 (mammals = 100% O2)
- Renal portal system - use forelimbs for injection (hind leg veins drain to kindeys before liver)
3
Q
Most common endocrine disease in guinea pigs + need for spay
A
- Cystic ovaries - single/multiple affecting both ovaries, abdo distension
- Non-specific signs
- Functional cysts cause non-pruritic flank alopecia
4
Q
Spay (gerbil)
A
- Ovarian cysts
- Neoplasia
5
Q
Cystotomy (guinea pig)
A
- Urolithiasis
- Calcium oxalate or calcium carbonate (radioopaque)
6
Q
Neoplasia (gerbil)
A
- Neoplasia common in entire males
- SSC, papilloma, benign hyperplasia, epithelioma + poorly differentiated carcinoma
- Start off as benign adenomas -> inc in size, become malignant
7
Q
Neoplasia (rat)
A
- 1). Mammary gland neoplasia - mammary tissue present on most of body (85% benign, 10% adenocarcinomata), males less affected, prolactin dependent - associated w/ functional pituitary adenomas
- 2). Zymbal’s gland adenocarcinoma - mass at base of ear canal, pos 2y otitis, aggressive local spread
8
Q
Pharyngostomy tube placement (reptile)
A
- Nutritional support during pathological
anorexia - Enabling regular administration of medication - owners can then medicate animals at home,
minimising hospitalisation costs and stress factors - Nutritional support following orofacial trauma or surgery
- Countering inappropriate physiological anorexia - e.g. dry-docked aquatic chelonia
9
Q
Ovarian pathology -> ovariectomy (reptiles)
A
- Pre-ovulatory/follicular stasis (Green iguanas. Testudo tortoises, chameleons) - failure of follicle to ovulate -> accumulation
- Bacterial oophoritis (inflam of ovaries/solidified follicles)
- Neoplasia (iguana)
10
Q
Salpingectomy (reptile)
A
- Response to dystocia
- Post-ovulatory stasis (water dragons, snakes + geckos)
- Factors - ovidcut inertia w/ Ca deficiency; lack of appropriate nesting site; abnormally sized/shaped eggs; unfertilised eggs; obesity; chronic debilitation
11
Q
Egg binding (reptile)
A
- Oviduct inertia (chelonia + lizards)
- Radio to differentiate if obstructive
12
Q
Caesarian (reptile)
A
- Alternative to salpinectomy
- Where breeding must be preserved
13
Q
Cloacal Sx - prolapses (reptile)
A
- Colon; oviduct; cloacal wall; bladder (present in chelonia, some lizards); one or both hemipenes (lizards + snakes); penis (chelonia)
- Organ prolapsed may not be site of 1y lesion, due to straining, reoccurrence if not resolved
Bacterial or parasitic enteritis - Constipation/impaction
- Dystocia
- Infections/Inflammation of the reproductive tract
- Mating trauma
- Obesity
- Urolithiasis
- Coelomic masses
- Hypocalcaemia
14
Q
Hemipene/penile prolapse (reptile)
A
- Snakes + lizards - hemipene lesions (located in tail, caudal to vent), coelomic pathology
- Leopard gecko - localised infections
- Chelonia - coelomic/localised pathology (penis located within cloaca)
15
Q
Hemipene abscessation (reptile)
A
- Can cause hemipene prolapse
Due to - Mating trauma
- Vit A deficiency
- Poor hygiene
16
Q
Oviductal prolapse (reptile)
A
- Significant damage of supporting ligaments
- 2y to unilateral oophoritis + salpingitis
- Blind replacement -> intussusception + recurrence
17
Q
Urinary bladder prolapse (reptile)
A
- Rare, chelonia
- Due to urinary calculi - chelonia bi-lobed - pressure from R lobe of liver -> most stones on left bladder lobe
18
Q
Aural abscessation (aquatic chelonia, reptile)
A
Husbandry
- Poor water quality/hygiene
- Insufficient water heating
- Failure to provide basking spot
- Dietary deficiencies - vit A
19
Q
Masses (goldfish)
A
- Epidermal neoplasia
- Granuloma
20
Q
Dental Tx (fish)
A
- Puffer fish
- Constantly growing dental plates
- Lack of attrition in diet -> overgrowth
24
Q
Type 1 pododermatitis (bumblefoot) (bird)
A
- Loss of epidermal structures
- Scab formation
- No deeper changes
25
Q
Pododermatitis (bumblefoot) (grade II-II) (bird)
A
- Fibrosis + necrosis present
- Medical therapy alone doesn’t penetrate lesion
30
Q
Syringeal aspergilloma (bird)
A
- Fungal granulomas form on the syringeal mucosal folds
- Progressive air flow obstruction develops
- Early signs include changes in vocalisation
- Acute dyspnoea occurs as granulomas
grow - Diagnosis: tracheoscopy
