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AAA VMS4001 > Equine, Large + Production Animal Therapeutics > Flashcards

Equine, Large + Production Animal Therapeutics Flashcards

1
Q

Adrenaline

A
  • Inc duration of action of local anaesthetic
  • AE: neuro injury
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2
Q

Procaine (+ adrenaline) = adrenacaine

A
  • Local anaesthetic
  • Onset = 15 - 20 min
  • Duration = 1 - 1.5 h
  • Max dose = 2 mg/kg
  • Cattle + horses, ruminants, camelids
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3
Q

Lidocaine

A
  • Onset = 5 - 10 min
  • Duration = 1 h
  • Max dose = 4 - 6 mg/kg
  • Not licensed in ruminants
  • Allowed list for FPAs - HORSES
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4
Q

Lidocaine (+ adrenaline)

A
  • Onset = 5 - 10 min
  • Duration = 2 h
  • Max dose = 4 - 6 mg/kg
  • Licensed for horses
  • Allowed list for FPAs
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5
Q

Mepivacaine

A
  • Onset = 10 - 15 min
  • Duration = 2 h
  • Max dose = 4 - 6 mg/kg
  • Licensed for horses
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6
Q

Bupivacaine

A
  • Onset = 15 - 20 min
  • Duration = 6 -8 h
  • Max dose = 2 mg/kg
  • Not licensed
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7
Q

Xylazine, Detomidine

A
  • Alpha 2 agonist -> sedation
  • Some analgesic + muscle relaxant properties
  • Cattle, horses, cats, dogs
  • Handling fractious animals, medical examination, pre-med - local/regional anaesthesia
  • Atipamezole = antagonist (Banned use in FPA)
  • Pigs (1 - 3 mg/kg) - not great sed, provide some calming, duration 30 min
  • Risk of abortion - cause smooth muscle relaxation
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8
Q

Morphine

A
  • Epidural
  • Intra-articular
  • Horses only
  • AE: urinary retention
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9
Q

Flunixin (flunixin meglumine)

A
  • NSAID - systemic
  • Analgesia
  • Pig, horse, ruminants
  • Endotoxaemia - blocks inflam pathway, COX pathways that cause systemic inflam = toxin-binding, LDA
  • Toxic mastitis in cattle; puerperal (toxic) metritis; clinical metritis; manual reduction of twin pregnancy in mare; uterine laceration; uterine prolapse
  • E.g. Post-op care - GI disorders - pain/colic/visceral pain
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10
Q

Ketoprofen (Ketofen)

A
  • NSAID
  • Analgesia
  • Pig
  • Ruminants
  • 0 d milk withdrawal
  • Multiple doses
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11
Q

Meloxicam (Metacam)

A
  • NSAID
  • Analgesia
  • Pig = IM + oral licensed
  • Most readily available, one dose
  • Ruminants
  • Can provide 48 h of analgesia
  • Not licensed in goats
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12
Q

Butorphanol

A
  • Opioid
  • Analgesia
  • Only licensed in horses
  • Not licensed - pigs, ruminants
  • In addition to xylazine - ruminants
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13
Q

Procaine +/- xylazine

A
  • Local anaesthesia
  • Pig, ruminants - only LA licensed in farm animals
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14
Q

Isoflurane

A
  • Inhalation anaesthesia
  • Licensed in FPA - horses
  • Pigs - cascade
  • AEs: malignant hyperthermia in Landracs, Pietrain + Duroc pig breeds, muscle rigidity
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15
Q

Azaperone

A
  • Pigs
  • Light-mod sedation/calming
  • Pigs (0.5 - 2 mg/kg deep IM)
  • Low dose in boars intended for breeding (max 1 mg/kg), risk of penis extrusion + damage
  • Neuroleptic sedative - Tx of aggression, stress, obstetric conditions, pre-med in local + GA
  • Highest dose may result in lying down + reduced movement
  • Overall reduction in aggressiveness
  • Pre-med
  • Duration = 1 - 2 h
  • Onset sed = 15 min (quick)
  • AEs - vasodilation -> enlargement of penis (high dose)
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16
Q

Ketamine

A
  • Induction injectable anaesthesia - in combo w/ xylazine (horse, cattle, dog, cat) - licensed
  • Induction injectable anaesthesia - in combo w/ azaperone (pig)
  • Restraint + minor Sx (cat)
  • AEs: high dose -> muscle rigidity -> muscle fasciculations, inc salivation (can regurg/aspirate)
  • Gastric protectant - become more in control to swallow food
  • Not licensed when used for sedation - lower doses
  • Licensed @ 15 - 20 mg/kg = pain relief
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17
Q

Buscopan

A
  • Antimuscarinic
  • Urolithiasis - if no rupture/blocked urethra, unlicensed in ruminants
  • Camelids
  • Colic (horses)
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18
Q

Tetanus antitoxin

A
  • Given pre-op in horses to prevent tetanus infection from wounds
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19
Q

Trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (TMPS)

A
  • Systemic AB
  • Potentiated sulphonamide
  • Horse
  • Ruminant - non-contaminated abdominal Sx
  • Ruminant - suspected/known beta-lactamase resistance Sx
  • DOES NOT WORK WALL IN PRESENCE OF PUS
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20
Q

Azaperone + Ketamine

A
  • Pigs
  • 2 mg/kg azaperone + 15 - 20 mg/kg ketamine
  • Anaesthesia for minor Sx
  • Duration = 30 min
  • Onset sed = 30 min (long)
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21
Q

Ketamine + Xylazine + Butorphanol

A
  • Anaesthesia in pigs
  • 5 mg/kg ketamine, 1 - 3 mg/kg xylazine, 0.1 - 0.2 mg/kg butorphanol
  • Can top up w/ ketamine q 20 min
  • Duration 40 - 60 min
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22
Q

Oxytocin

A
  • Encourages uterine involution
  • Post uterine prolapse
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23
Q

Carprofen (Rymadyl)

A
  • NSAID
  • Ruminants
  • 0 d milk withdrawal
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24
Q

Metaclopramide

A
  • Prokinetic
  • 5-HT receptor agonist + dopaminergic antagonist
  • Narrow therapeutic window
  • Dose-dependant - if give too much -> neuro signs
  • Post-op ileus (horse)
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25
Q

Lidocaine

A
  • Weak evidence for prokinetic activity (horse, post-op ileus)
  • Anti-inflam - help gut to recover + normal gut motility
  • Post-op analgesic, dec hospitalisation time
  • Short half-life, neuro signs resolve if infusion stopped
  • Loading dose: 1.3 mg/kg - admin over 10 min IV
  • CRI: 0.05 mg/kg/min
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26
Q

Phenylbutazone

A
  • NSAID - analgesia
  • Prostaglandin inhibitor -> anti-inflam
  • Orthopaedic pain
  • Post-anaesthesia/Sx analagesia - IV at time of Sx, PO for 5 d
  • Horse
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27
Q

Phenylephrine

A
  • Alpha-1 adrenergic agonist - peripheral vasoconstriction -> inc diastolic + inc systolic BP =
  • Phenothiazine-induced hypotension
  • Nephrosplenic entrapment - This causes the spleen to contract, which helps to dislodge the colon from the nephrosplenic space
  • Anaesthetic-induced hypotension - horse
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28
Q

Clenbuterol

A
  • Beta agonist
  • HR + contractility increase, blood flow increases to the muscles and is reduced to splanchnic organs (abdo/GIT), glycogenolysis and lipolysis increase
  • Inc abdo contraction
  • Hypotension anaesthesia - horse
  • C-section
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29
Q

Dobutamine

A
  • Vasodilator
  • Ionotropic - increases contractility, leading to decreased end-systolic volume and, therefore, increased stroke volume, increases blood pressure
  • Horse
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30
Q

Glyceryl Guaicolate Ether (GGE) / Guaifenesin

A
  • Central muscle relaxant
  • Horse - induction + ketamine
  • IV to effect
  • Variable rate infusion (triple drip) 10% 500 mL
  • Causes ataxia, dec dose w/ midazolam
  • Horse
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31
Q

Prilocaine

A
  • EMLA cream
  • Local anaesthetic
  • Horse
32
Q

Acepromazine (horse)

A
  • Sedation - onset = 30 min
  • 0.04 - 0.05 mg/kg IM - 20 mg standard horse; 10 mg standard pony
  • Phenothiazine
  • Desirable effects - mild sed, improves recovery quality, anti-arrhythmic, vasodilation
  • Caution in entire males - causes protrusion of penis, persistent erection may occur - don’t use in breeding stallion
33
Q

Xylazine (horse)

A
  • Alpha-2 agonist
  • Pre-med - 0.5 - 1 mg/kg
  • Intermittent IV bolus - 1/2 pre-med dose w/ every top up
  • Variable rate infusion (triple drip) - 100 mg/mL 5 mL / 20 mg/mL 25 mL
34
Q

Detomidine (horse)

A
  • Alpha-2 agonist
  • Pre-med - 10 - 20 µg/kg
  • Intermittent IV bolus - 1/2 pre-med dose every other top up
  • Variable rate infusion (triple drip) - 10 mg/mL 1 mL
35
Q

Romifidine (horse)

A
  • Alpha-2 agonist
  • Pre-med - 80 - 100 µg/kg
36
Q

Butorphanol (horse)

A
  • Opioid
  • Pre-med - 0.2 mg/kg, onset 2 - 5 min, duration 30 - 60, IV
37
Q

Buprenorphine (horse)

A
  • Opioid
  • Pre-med - 10µg/kg, onset 30 - 45 min, duration 12 - 24 h, IV
38
Q

Pethidine (horse)

A
  • Opioid
  • Pre-med - 5 mg/kg, onset 2 - 5 min, duration 1 - 2 h, IM only
  • Large amount given
39
Q

Morphine (horse)

A
  • Opioid
  • Pre-med - 0.12 mg/kg, onset 10 - 20 min, 4 - 6 h, IM or slow IV
  • Unlicensed
40
Q

Ketamine (horse)

A
  • Dissociative anaesthetic
  • Induction - 2.2. mg/kg IV
  • Central muscle relaxant
  • Gives 10 min of Sx anaesthesia
  • Short procedures - give intermittent bolus doses
  • Long procedures - variable rate infusion (triple drip)
  • Maintenance/intermittent IV bolus - 1/3 induction dose q 8 min, 2 min onset
  • Variable rate infusion (triple drip) 100 mg/mL 10 mL
41
Q

Midazolam / Diazepam (horse)

A
  • Benzdiazepine
  • Induction - 0.05 mg/kg IV
    • Ketamine
  • Midazolam is licensed
42
Q

Thiopental

A
  • Barbiturate, AKA thiopentone, injectable anaesthetic
  • Not licensed for use in any species in the UK anymore, only used in certain situations.
  • Only administered IV - if extravasation -> skin sloughing, presented as aq solution, pH 10, comes as dry powder + add water for injection, once made up, quite stable, store for month w/o bacterial growth.
  • Eliminated by hepatic + renal metabolism, really slow in any case.
  • Very rapid onset time of 20 to 40 seconds after IV injection
  • Given in intermittent IV bolus of anaesthesia in horses, 1 - 2 mg/kg, when patient moves
  • Not licensed, accum may affect recovery
  • Horse
43
Q

Colic - monitor

A
  • Ausc GI motility - caecal flush in RD quadrant
  • Water intake/faecal output
  • Further investigation if in doubt - rectal examination
44
Q

Colic impactions

A
  • Fluids - enteric (nasogastric tube) isotonic fluids (5 - 8L) given q 2 - 4 hours to 500kg horse +/- Magnesium sulphate (osmotic laxative) or liquid paraffin (soften food in GIT)
  • IVFT if horse dehydrated
  • Analgesic - if showing colic signs, need to take entire clinical picture into account when choosing an NSAID and dose
  • Management - stop feed, and-walking – if clinical condition allows
  • Continue to monitor closely
45
Q

Dimethyl sulfoxide

A
  • Topical anti-inflam
  • Thrombophlebitis
  • Horse
46
Q

Compagel

A
  • Topical anti-inflam - acute inflam
  • Thrombophlebitis - horse
47
Q

Aspirin

A
  • Anti-thrombotic
  • Thrombophlebitis
  • Horse
48
Q

Ampicillin

A
  • Aminopenicillin AB
  • Ruminant - non-contaminated abdominal Sx
49
Q

Amoxicillin

A
  • Aminopenicllin AB
  • Ruminant - non-contaminated abdominal Sx
  • Ruminant - anaerobic contamination/infection established Sx
  • Ruminant - suspected/known beta-lactamase resistance Sx (+ Clavulanic acid)
50
Q

Penicllin

A
  • Penicillin AB
  • Anerobic efficacy
  • Distributes well in into purulent material + necrotic tissue
  • Ruminant - non-contaminated abdominal Sx
51
Q

Streptomycin

A
  • Aminoglycoside AB
  • Ruminant - non-contaminated abdominal Sx
52
Q

Cephalexin

A
  • First gen cephalosporin AB
  • Ruminant - non-contaminated abdominal Sx
  • Ruminant - anaerobic contamination/infection established Sx
53
Q

Oxytetracycline

A
  • Tetracycline AB
  • Ruminant - non-contaminated abdominal Sx
  • Ruminant - suspected/known beta-lactamase resistance Sx
  • DOES NOT WORK WALL IN PRESENCE OF PUS
54
Q

Ceftiofur

A
  • Third gen cephalosporin AB
  • Ruminant - suspected/known beta-lactamase resistance Sx
55
Q

Doxpram

A
  • Dopram TM NSAID
  • Postnatal asphyxia - stimulates respiration in neonates
  • Calves, lambs
  • No longer available
56
Q

Prostaglandin (PGF2-alpha Dinoprost) (Lutalyse; Zoetius)

A
  • Regression of luteal ovarian cysts but takes longer than P4, causes luteolysis (doesn’t work on follicular cysts as no CL present)
  • Possible medical management for pyometra
  • Endometritis - induces natural oestrus, delivery of WBCs to uterus, against T. pyogenes/E. coli
  • Induction of parturition - what would be produced from placenta in parturition, can be used in combo w/ corticosteroids (150 - 270 days)
  • Causes uterine contractions
  • Interrupts CL + stops P4 production
  • Canine CL not as responsive as other species
  • Brachycephalic breeds susceptible to bronchospasm
  • Need to ensure not pregnant + cervix is open
  • Dog
  • Cattle - 5 - 100 days (+/- 100 - 150 days)
57
Q

Penethamate hydriodide

A
  • Systemic AB used for mastitis, only systemic AB that can cross blood-udder mem + high conc in udder
  • When more than one quarter is affected
  • Cattle
58
Q

Penicillins, lincosamides, 1st + 2nd gen cephalosporins

A
  • Lactating cow tubes (LCT), intramammary AB - G+ bacteria for mastitis infections
  • Pus
  • Time-dependant + bactericidal
  • Cattle
59
Q

Aminoglycosides, 3rd + 4th gen cephalosprins

A
  • Lactating cow tubes (LCT), intramammary AB - G- bacteria for mastitis infections
  • Pus
  • Time-dependant + bactericidal
  • Cattle
60
Q

Intramammary cloxacillin

A
  • Only AB licensed in sheep for mastitis
61
Q

Amoxicillin / doxytetracycline

A
  • Systemic AB
  • Calving injury - trauma to birth canal / neighbouring structures; uterine prolapse; metritis: puerperal (toxic) metritis, clinical metritis
62
Q

Oxytocin

A
  • After parturition (large animals)
  • Contracts uterus + occludes small blood vv
  • Post-partum haemorrhage - promotes uterine involution; persistent mating-induced endometritis (PMIE); metritis; hypogalactia/agalactia
  • Uterine prolapse once replaced -> inc uterine tone / dystocia - post-calving for uterus involution
  • Retained foetal membranes (low dose IM hourly)
  • Milk letdown
  • Toxic mastitis - cleans udder, milk let-down
  • Maternal bonding
63
Q

Metricure

A
  • Intrauterine cefapirin - baceteriogical cure AB
  • Chronic endometritis
  • Only intrauterine AB licensed in cattle
  • Esp when no CL present in ovary
64
Q

Clenbuterol

A
  • AKA Planipart
  • Beta-2 receptor agonist = smooth muscle relaxant
  • Dystocia - relaxes uterus for prepping birth canal in heifers + opens up uterus, aid to obstetrical manoeuvres; caesarean section (can find incision made); replacement of prolapsed uterus; uterine torsion
65
Q

Oxytocin / calcium

A
  • Uterotonics -> uterine contraction
  • Dystocia
  • Following Clenbuterol use - reverses effects
  • Control of post-partum haemorrhage
  • Management of uterine prolapse (after replacement)
66
Q

Cloprostenol

A
  • AKA Estrumate
  • Synthetic analogue of PGF2-alpha
  • Induces luteolysis
  • Tx of pyometra; synchronisation of oestrous cycle
  • Oestrus in 2-5 d depending on follicle size, serve to natural heat
  • 2nd dose 10-11d later for fixed timed AI, ensures CL large enough
  • Cattle, horses, dogs
  • AE - can cause colic in mares due to smooth muscle contraction, don’t inject women -> abortion
67
Q

Oestrous cycle synchronisation therapeutics summary in cattle

A
  • CL = PG
  • Follicle = GnRH
  • Want to synchronise/don’t have anything = P4
68
Q

GnRH

A
  • When follicle/follicular cyst present
  • Induces LH surge, gets rid of cyst
69
Q

Calcium

A
  • Hypocalcaemia when dec muscle contractions, weak contractions
  • Dystocia
70
Q

CIDR bolus

A
  • P4 implants in comb w/ PMSG
  • Equivalent of prid/exogenous jab -> endo P4
  • Exogenous P4
  • If starting cycle earlier
  • Sheep
71
Q

P4 + PMSG (pregnant mare serum gonadotropin)

A
  • Induction and synchronisation of oestrus and ovulation
  • Anoestrus
  • Tighten lambing period
72
Q

IV calcium borogluconate

A
  • Calcium
  • Hypocalcaemia
73
Q

Butylscopolamine

A
  • Anti-spasmodic
  • LDA/RDA/RVA
74
Q

Metamizole and hyoscine butylbromide (Spasmium)

A
  • Analgesia, anti-spasmodic
  • LDA/RDA/RVA
  • Urolithiasis
75
Q

Mg(OH)2 / Al(OH)3 / NaHCO3

A
  • Intra-ruminal buffers
  • Peri-op in rumenotomy
76
Q

Tylosin

A
  • Macrolide AB
  • Aerobic efficacy
  • But distribute well in purulent material necrotic tissue - pH trap into acidic solutions

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