Equine, Large + Production Animal Therapeutics Flashcards
1
Q
Adrenaline
A
- Inc duration of action of local anaesthetic
- AE: neuro injury
2
Q
Procaine (+ adrenaline) = adrenacaine
A
- Local anaesthetic
- Onset = 15 - 20 min
- Duration = 1 - 1.5 h
- Max dose = 2 mg/kg
- Cattle + horses, ruminants, camelids
3
Q
Lidocaine
A
- Onset = 5 - 10 min
- Duration = 1 h
- Max dose = 4 - 6 mg/kg
- Not licensed in ruminants
- Allowed list for FPAs - HORSES
4
Q
Lidocaine (+ adrenaline)
A
- Onset = 5 - 10 min
- Duration = 2 h
- Max dose = 4 - 6 mg/kg
- Licensed for horses
- Allowed list for FPAs
5
Q
Mepivacaine
A
- Onset = 10 - 15 min
- Duration = 2 h
- Max dose = 4 - 6 mg/kg
- Licensed for horses
6
Q
Bupivacaine
A
- Onset = 15 - 20 min
- Duration = 6 -8 h
- Max dose = 2 mg/kg
- Not licensed
7
Q
Xylazine, Detomidine
A
- Alpha 2 agonist -> sedation
- Some analgesic + muscle relaxant properties
- Cattle, horses, cats, dogs
- Handling fractious animals, medical examination, pre-med - local/regional anaesthesia
- Atipamezole = antagonist (Banned use in FPA)
- Pigs (1 - 3 mg/kg) - not great sed, provide some calming, duration 30 min
- Risk of abortion - cause smooth muscle relaxation
8
Q
Morphine
A
- Epidural
- Intra-articular
- Horses only
- AE: urinary retention
9
Q
Flunixin (flunixin meglumine)
A
- NSAID - systemic
- Analgesia
- Pig, horse, ruminants
- Endotoxaemia - blocks inflam pathway, COX pathways that cause systemic inflam = toxin-binding, LDA
- Toxic mastitis in cattle; puerperal (toxic) metritis; clinical metritis; manual reduction of twin pregnancy in mare; uterine laceration; uterine prolapse
- E.g. Post-op care - GI disorders - pain/colic/visceral pain
10
Q
Ketoprofen (Ketofen)
A
- NSAID
- Analgesia
- Pig
- Ruminants
- 0 d milk withdrawal
- Multiple doses
11
Q
Meloxicam (Metacam)
A
- NSAID
- Analgesia
- Pig = IM + oral licensed
- Most readily available, one dose
- Ruminants
- Can provide 48 h of analgesia
- Not licensed in goats
12
Q
Butorphanol
A
- Opioid
- Analgesia
- Only licensed in horses
- Not licensed - pigs, ruminants
- In addition to xylazine - ruminants
13
Q
Procaine +/- xylazine
A
- Local anaesthesia
- Pig, ruminants - only LA licensed in farm animals
14
Q
Isoflurane
A
- Inhalation anaesthesia
- Licensed in FPA - horses
- Pigs - cascade
- AEs: malignant hyperthermia in Landracs, Pietrain + Duroc pig breeds, muscle rigidity
15
Q
Azaperone
A
- Pigs
- Light-mod sedation/calming
- Pigs (0.5 - 2 mg/kg deep IM)
- Low dose in boars intended for breeding (max 1 mg/kg), risk of penis extrusion + damage
- Neuroleptic sedative - Tx of aggression, stress, obstetric conditions, pre-med in local + GA
- Highest dose may result in lying down + reduced movement
- Overall reduction in aggressiveness
- Pre-med
- Duration = 1 - 2 h
- Onset sed = 15 min (quick)
- AEs - vasodilation -> enlargement of penis (high dose)
16
Q
Ketamine
A
- Induction injectable anaesthesia - in combo w/ xylazine (horse, cattle, dog, cat) - licensed
- Induction injectable anaesthesia - in combo w/ azaperone (pig)
- Restraint + minor Sx (cat)
- AEs: high dose -> muscle rigidity -> muscle fasciculations, inc salivation (can regurg/aspirate)
- Gastric protectant - become more in control to swallow food
- Not licensed when used for sedation - lower doses
- Licensed @ 15 - 20 mg/kg = pain relief
17
Q
Buscopan
A
- Antimuscarinic
- Urolithiasis - if no rupture/blocked urethra, unlicensed in ruminants
- Camelids
- Colic (horses)
18
Q
Tetanus antitoxin
A
- Given pre-op in horses to prevent tetanus infection from wounds
19
Q
Trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (TMPS)
A
- Systemic AB
- Potentiated sulphonamide
- Horse
- Ruminant - non-contaminated abdominal Sx
- Ruminant - suspected/known beta-lactamase resistance Sx
- DOES NOT WORK WALL IN PRESENCE OF PUS
20
Q
Azaperone + Ketamine
A
- Pigs
- 2 mg/kg azaperone + 15 - 20 mg/kg ketamine
- Anaesthesia for minor Sx
- Duration = 30 min
- Onset sed = 30 min (long)
21
Q
Ketamine + Xylazine + Butorphanol
A
- Anaesthesia in pigs
- 5 mg/kg ketamine, 1 - 3 mg/kg xylazine, 0.1 - 0.2 mg/kg butorphanol
- Can top up w/ ketamine q 20 min
- Duration 40 - 60 min
22
Q
Oxytocin
A
- Encourages uterine involution
- Post uterine prolapse
23
Q
Carprofen (Rymadyl)
A
- NSAID
- Ruminants
- 0 d milk withdrawal
24
Q
Metaclopramide
A
- Prokinetic
- 5-HT receptor agonist + dopaminergic antagonist
- Narrow therapeutic window
- Dose-dependant - if give too much -> neuro signs
- Post-op ileus (horse)
25
Q
Lidocaine
A
- Weak evidence for prokinetic activity (horse, post-op ileus)
- Anti-inflam - help gut to recover + normal gut motility
- Post-op analgesic, dec hospitalisation time
- Short half-life, neuro signs resolve if infusion stopped
- Loading dose: 1.3 mg/kg - admin over 10 min IV
- CRI: 0.05 mg/kg/min
26
Q
Phenylbutazone
A
- NSAID - analgesia
- Prostaglandin inhibitor -> anti-inflam
- Orthopaedic pain
- Post-anaesthesia/Sx analagesia - IV at time of Sx, PO for 5 d
- Horse
27
Q
Phenylephrine
A
- Alpha-1 adrenergic agonist - peripheral vasoconstriction -> inc diastolic + inc systolic BP =
- Phenothiazine-induced hypotension
- Nephrosplenic entrapment - This causes the spleen to contract, which helps to dislodge the colon from the nephrosplenic space
- Anaesthetic-induced hypotension - horse
28
Q
Clenbuterol
A
- Beta agonist
- HR + contractility increase, blood flow increases to the muscles and is reduced to splanchnic organs (abdo/GIT), glycogenolysis and lipolysis increase
- Inc abdo contraction
- Hypotension anaesthesia - horse
- C-section
29
Q
Dobutamine
A
- Vasodilator
- Ionotropic - increases contractility, leading to decreased end-systolic volume and, therefore, increased stroke volume, increases blood pressure
- Horse
30
Q
Glyceryl Guaicolate Ether (GGE) / Guaifenesin
A
- Central muscle relaxant
- Horse - induction + ketamine
- IV to effect
- Variable rate infusion (triple drip) 10% 500 mL
- Causes ataxia, dec dose w/ midazolam
- Horse
43
Q
Colic - monitor
A
- Ausc GI motility - caecal flush in RD quadrant
- Water intake/faecal output
- Further investigation if in doubt - rectal examination
