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AAA VMS4001 > NTCA - Reptiles > Flashcards

NTCA - Reptiles Flashcards

1
Q

Considerations for Sx

A
  • Skin structure
  • Slower healing
  • Lack of a diaphragm - easier for Sx
  • Keep sutures in for min 8 w
  • Ventilator/nurse needed to manually breathe for
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2
Q

Suture material

A
  • PDS/nylon sutures
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3
Q

Analgesia

A
  • Avoid if - GI disease/surgery, kidney disease dehydration/hypotension (hard to measure)/hypovolaemia corticosteroids administered
  • Opioids - Buprenorphine, Pethidine or Methadone; Butorphanol (mainly sedation)
  • Local - nerve block, epidural, local infiltration/topical
  • Adjunct - Ketamine, Lidocaine, Fentanyl or Dexmedetomidine (bolus +/- CRI); Nitrous oxide
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4
Q

Induction considerations

A
  • Injectable preferred over inhalant - has 1 ventricle, shunts blood to periphery, may stop breathing, takes longer
  • No diaphragm, most drugs cause resp depression, active process of inspiration/expiration, use same muscles for locomotion in turtles + tortoises
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5
Q

Pre-O2 considerations

A
  • Unlike mammals (ppCO2 stimulates resp centre only, inc rate if inc ppCO2), respond to mixture of ppCO2 + ppO2
  • If pre-O2 w/ 100% O2, will stop breathing
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6
Q

Injection considerations

A
  • Renal portal system - veins of hind limb drain to kidneys before liver
  • Inject at fore limbs, esp for toxic drugs
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7
Q

ET tube considerations

A
  • Glottis at tongue base, easy to find
  • Don’t cuff species w/ complete tracheal rings e.g. turtles/tortoises
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8
Q

Incision

A
  • Controlled between scales - fine scalpel or hypodermic needle
  • Skin moves towards inversion
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9
Q

Closure of incision

A
  • Utilise an everting pattern to enable apposition of ST for healing
  • Horizontal mattress
  • Skin staples
  • Skin = 1y holding layer, muscle too thin, coelomic mem thin + friable
  • Needs to be secure + durable, skin takes up to 12 w to heal
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10
Q

Pharyngostomy tube placement - nutritional, med admin, physiological anorexia, hepatic lipidosis

A
  • Pre-mark tube - length to enter stomach
  • Curved haemostats inserted into mouth (anaesthetised)
  • Tent skin on caudal neck
  • Lateral pos of caudal neck - avoids major vv
  • Incise skin with scalpel (no. 15) over point of haemostats
  • Grasp feeding tube w/ haemostats + pull into mouth
  • Turn tube 180 degrees using haemostats, advance down oesophagus
  • Secure tube w/ nylon skin sutures + elastoplast + Chinese finger trap/purse to secure into skin - full thickness of skin
  • Flush before + after giving food
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11
Q

Skin biopsy - dertmatological conditions

A
  • Biopsy site selected - where pathology + normal skin present; acceptable tension on skin at closure; no detrimental effects on structures e.g. eyelids/vent following harvest
  • No. 11 scalpel - incise between scales
  • Elliptical incision made - abnormal + normal scales
  • Collect from multiple sites
  • Close w/ everting sutures
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12
Q

Scalpel for biopsy

A

No. 11

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13
Q

Coeliotomy (access repro, GI, urinary tract + liver) (lizard)

A
  • Single paramedian incision (beside midline ventral abdominal vein)
  • Skin prepared to incised between scales
  • Laterally compressed lizards - visualisation of coelomic viscera w/ incision caudal to last rib
  • Transection of ribs to improve access
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14
Q

Coeliotomy (access repro, GI, urinary tract + liver) (snake)

A
  • Lateral incision (avoids ventral abdo v., avoids transecting large gastric scutes, speeds up healing)
  • Can mark pos of lesion on target organ
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15
Q

Tortoise plastronotomy

A
  • Flap of shell created in abdo (+/- femoral) scutes - incised edges angled in to inc surface area + keep flap in position after Sx + avoid heart, paired paramedian vv + pelvic bones (size limited in species w/ hinged plastron)
  • Closure = resin/fibreglass patching over defect
  • Use Dremmel cutting disc, create angled incisions into plastron + produce mobile flap of bone to access coelom w/ sterile saline to prevent thermal injury to bone
  • Leverage applied to displace plastron fragment
  • Remove plastron flap + coelomic mem incised to access viscera
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16
Q

Pre-ovulatory or follicular stasis

A
  • Husbandry - early cases
  • Sx - coeliotomy + bilateral ovariectomy
  • Absence of oviductal pathology - no indications to remove the oviducts
17
Q

Ovariectomy / pre-ovulatory or follicular stasis Sx

A
  • Single paramedian incision to access both ovaries
  • Atraumatic forceps, grasp connective tissue between follicles + cotton buds to manipulate fragile follicles (don’t handle follicle itself, only surrounding connective tissue)
  • Caudal VC in close association w/ right ovary
  • L adrenal gland + L renal vein adjacent to L ovary
  • Haemaclips placed on ligatures + for haemostasis
  • Ovarian regn pos if incomplete resection
18
Q

Oophoritis

A
  • Culture sample under sterile conditions
  • Post-op AB
19
Q

Egg binding - oviductal inertia (chelonia + lizards)

A
  • Oxytocin (unresponsive in snakes), more effective in tortoises
  • Calcium therapy
  • Collapsed/weak unresponsive to therapeutics - percutaneous aspiration of egg material to aid passage of retained eggs (risk of coelomitis), not pos in chelonia
20
Q

Obstructive + non-obstructive dystocia unresponsive to medical therapy

A
  • Salpingectomy
  • Caudal coeliotomy - access to both oviducts
  • Bilateral ovariectomy recommended at same time
21
Q

Salpingectomy

A
  • Long mesosalpinx - (fold of peritoneum over both uterine tubes) allows exteriorisation of vv + gentle retractiobn
  • Ligatures/haemaclips applied to vv
  • Transfixing ligature/haemaclip placed across caudal oviduct at junction w/ cloaca prior to removal
  • Snakes - multiple incisions needed to access + remove both oviducts
  • Closure via polydioxanone (PDS) suture with swaged on needle
22
Q

Caesarian

A
  • Multiple salpingotomy incisions made -> ova/foetuses removed individually
  • Lateral incision made w/ scalpel then extend w/ fine scissors, incise around scales
  • Muscle layers sharply incised + ventral ribs transected to access coelomic cavity
  • Coelomic mem incised + coelomic fat pad reflected
  • Foetus within oviduct -> elevate oviduct wall
  • Fine scissor sharply incise oviduct wall
  • Gentle traction of each foetus for removal
  • Closure of salpingotomy incision via polydioxanone (PDS) suture with swaged on needle
  • Repeat over entire length of both oviducts - closed w/ apposition of edges of muscle layer + horizontal mattress sutures in skin
  • Radiograph to confirm removal
23
Q

Hemipene/penile prolapse

A
  • Replaced w/ suture over hemipene aperture if needed
  • Infected/necrotic/chelonian penis - amputated
24
Q

Hemipene amputation

A
  • Transfixing ligature placed at base
  • Sharp dissection -> removal
  • Affects fertility, no urinary tract effects
25
Q

Hemipene abscessation

A
  • Remove purulent material
  • AB + analgesic therapy
  • Address underlying cause
26
Q

Oviductal prolapse

A
  • Salpingectomy - unilateral + ovariectomy
    (Retention of isilateral ovary w/ stimulation from the contralateral oviduct -> ovulation of yolks into coelom)
27
Q

Urinary bladder prolapse (chelonia)

A
  • Cystotomy - via plastronotomy
  • Closure of cystotomy - inversion of bladder lining
28
Q

Dec risk of coelomitis from urine leakage in Sx

A
  • Elevate bladder up to incision
  • Pack coelom w/ swabs + flush w/ sterile saline after Sx
29
Q

Small colonic prolapse

A
  • Osmotic agents e.g. glucose, reduced oedema
30
Q

Repeat/large (> 1cm) colonic prolapse

A
  • Surgical pexy (fixation) - supporting structures likely damaged
  • Caudal coeliotomy + colon sutured to body wall (incisional colonopexy) -> greater stability long-term, but risk of dehiscence + coelomitis
31
Q

Aural abscessation (aquatic chelonia)

A
  • Reptilian pus = solid, must be Sx removed
  • Ventral half of tympanum removed (w/ 23G needle)
  • Purulent material removed + swab taken of inner ear for C&S
  • Cavity flushed 1:100 chlorhexidine
  • Eustachian tube patency checked w/ microtip swab
  • Incision left to heal via 2y intention
  • Close skin in aquatics for return to water

AAA VMS4001 (15 decks)

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