NTCA - Birds Flashcards
1
Q
ET intubation
A
- Easy - glottis at base of tongue
- Complete tracheal rings - don’t cuff
- Long + wide trachea, use smaller ET tubes
2
Q
Preparation for anaesthesia considerations
A
Dec physical handling w/ hands - stressful, hold in towel upright, induction w/ face mask, struggling can cause injury
Fasting depending on size:
- Small (e.g. budgerigar, cockatiel) 1-2 hours
- Medium (e.g. African Grey Parrot) 2-3 hours
- Large (e.g. Cockatoo, Macaw) 4-6 hours
- Raptors (that feed once daily) 8-12 hours
3
Q
Physical monitoring
A
- Capnography - ETCO2 reliable
- Ensure high fresh gas flow
- Pule oximeter - SpO2 not reliable, but reliable trend
4
Q
Analgesia
A
- Meloxicam (not licensed), avoid if - GI disease/surgery, kidney disease dehydration/hypotension (hard to measure)/hypovolaemia corticosteroids administered
- Opioids - Butorphanol = partial opioid agonist at mu receptors, full agonist at mu receptors, birds have more mu receptors
- Local - nerve block (sciatic, femoral), epidural, local infiltration/topical
- Adjunct - Ketamine, Lidocaine, Fentanyl or Dexmedetomidine (bolus +/- CRI); Nitrous oxide - IM to send patient home ASAP
5
Q
Air sac tube placement
A
- Sterile tube surgically placed into caudal thoracic/abdominal air sac
- Last intercostal space surgically prepared
- Pluck feathers
- Skin incised (dorsal to ventral 3 - 4 mm)
- Small haemostats to bluntly puncture muscles
- Tube grasped between haemostats + pushed into channel created
- Ventilation confirmed
- Tube sutured in place around each rib
- Bypasses trachea + trachea + delivers air directly into air sac system to enter lungs
- Leave in for 2 - 3 d
6
Q
Air sac tube sizes
A
- Cut to size
- > 300 g = endotracheal tube
- Small birds = IV cannulas/urinary catheter
7
Q
Removal of air sac tube
A
- Conscious restraint
- Cut + remove sutures
- Apply gentle traction to tube
- Site left to close via 2y intention
- Skin sutures may be placed but requires GA
8
Q
Ingluviotomy
A
- Lateral recum
- Under GA
- ET tube placed to protect airway
- Surgical site plucked + prepared -> drape placed
- Incision made in skin between visible vessels - dorsal to ventral alignment
- Crop wall incised between vessels (stay sutures either end of distensible crop)
- Contents cleared using forceps/curettes
- Closure of crop wall - inverting, second suture line can improve security of closure
- Appositional skin sutures placed + drainage point left at dependent part of wound if contamination occurred
9
Q
Ingluviotomy - post-op care
A
- Analgesia
- AB - if known infection - wound contamination, aspiration
- Small meals of easily digestible food for 48 h
- Remove sutures 5 - 7 d (crop = smooth muscle + heals quickly, by 4 -5 d)
- Remove material responsible from environment
10
Q
Type 1 pododermatitis (bumblefoot)
A
- Medical
11
Q
Pododermatitis (bumblefoot) (grade II-II)
A
- Radiographs - guided Px
- Clean + surgically prep site
- Tourniquet placed on tarsometatarsal region + tightened only when incision made (no longer than 10 min)
- Incise around superficial corn lesion
- Sharply debride all fibrous scar tissue between skin + underlying tendons + bone
- Skin is undermined + closed where possible
- Tension is common - supportive foot dressing are advisable to protect wound + limit swelling
12
Q
Pododermatitis (bumblefoot) (grade II-III) - post-op care
A
- Analgesia
- AB - C&S
- Keep site clean
- Padded perching
- Keep padded dressings in place until healing complete
- Address 1y cause
13
Q
Salpingectomy
A
- Oviduct removal
- Lateral approach caudal to last rib
- Incise skin
- Use radiosurgery for transecting muscle
- Enter coelom through abdominal air sac
- Radiosurgery for sealing small vv of dorsal ligament
- Haemoclips/ligatures on cranial, middle + caudal oviductal aa
- Transfixing ligature on oviductal connection w/ cloaca
- High complication rate - don’t flush coelom
- Close muscle w/ appositional sutures
- Simple interrupted in skin
- Analgesia
- AB cover - broad spectrum
- Guarded Px
14
Q
Ovariectomy
A
- Rare
- Cranial renal a + common iliac v closely apposed to ovary + haemostasis not possible
- Laser ablation or partial resection possible
- Medical management w/ GnRH instead of surgery
15
Q
Fx
A
- Stabilisation - immediate + prevents further injury
- Rigid support for healing
- Humeral - frequently open, complicating fixation, lack ST cover, bone breaks through skin when wings flap
16
Q
Wing Fx first aid
A
17
Q
Wing Fx
A
- Perfect apposition - only way to restore flight ability
18
Q
Fx healing
A
- Long-term bandaging - not ideal immobilise joints -> loss of range of movement -> permanent loss of func
- Rigid surgical fixation required
- Depends on Fx type, location + infection status
19
Q
Immobilisation of leg Fx
A
- Splints - temporary
- Femoral Fx difficult to splint but well supported by musculature
- Sx fixation (for good outcome) (altered alignment/length of leg can predispose to bumblefoot)
- Tarsometatarsal Fx in large birds -> Sx
20
Q
Altman splint
A
- Small birds (< 100 g)
- Lower leg Fx
- Manage w/ tape splint + immobilisation alone
- Leave in place for 3 - 4 w
- Ongoing pain relief
21
Q
Fx repair post-op care
A
- Analgesia
- AB - based on situation
- Restricted exercise initially -> gradual inc
- Healing 2 - 3 w
- Staged removal of implants
22
Q
Endoscopy
A
- Depression palpable between flexori cruris medialis muscle, pubis + last rib
- Sharp incision made in skin
- Muscle of body wall punctured w/ blunt haemostats
23
Q
Tracheoscopy
A
- When URT distress / vocal changes
- Anaesthesia maintained via air sac tube for longer procedures
- Extubation+ hiatus of gaesous anaesthesia in stable patientsfor brief tracheoscopy
24
Q
Syringeal aspergilloma
A
- Dx via tracheoscopy
- Granulomas can be resected endoscopically
