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AAA VMS4001 > NTCA - Birds > Flashcards

NTCA - Birds Flashcards

1
Q

ET intubation

A
  • Easy - glottis at base of tongue
  • Complete tracheal rings - don’t cuff
  • Long + wide trachea, use smaller ET tubes
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2
Q

Preparation for anaesthesia considerations

A

Dec physical handling w/ hands - stressful, hold in towel upright, induction w/ face mask, struggling can cause injury

Fasting depending on size:
- Small (e.g. budgerigar, cockatiel) 1-2 hours
- Medium (e.g. African Grey Parrot) 2-3 hours
- Large (e.g. Cockatoo, Macaw) 4-6 hours
- Raptors (that feed once daily) 8-12 hours

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3
Q

Physical monitoring

A
  • Capnography - ETCO2 reliable
  • Ensure high fresh gas flow
  • Pule oximeter - SpO2 not reliable, but reliable trend
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4
Q

Analgesia

A
  • Meloxicam (not licensed), avoid if - GI disease/surgery, kidney disease dehydration/hypotension (hard to measure)/hypovolaemia corticosteroids administered
  • Opioids - Butorphanol = partial opioid agonist at mu receptors, full agonist at mu receptors, birds have more mu receptors
  • Local - nerve block (sciatic, femoral), epidural, local infiltration/topical
  • Adjunct - Ketamine, Lidocaine, Fentanyl or Dexmedetomidine (bolus +/- CRI); Nitrous oxide - IM to send patient home ASAP
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5
Q

Air sac tube placement

A
  • Sterile tube surgically placed into caudal thoracic/abdominal air sac
  • Last intercostal space surgically prepared
  • Pluck feathers
  • Skin incised (dorsal to ventral 3 - 4 mm)
  • Small haemostats to bluntly puncture muscles
  • Tube grasped between haemostats + pushed into channel created
  • Ventilation confirmed
  • Tube sutured in place around each rib
  • Bypasses trachea + trachea + delivers air directly into air sac system to enter lungs
  • Leave in for 2 - 3 d
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6
Q

Air sac tube sizes

A
  • Cut to size
  • > 300 g = endotracheal tube
  • Small birds = IV cannulas/urinary catheter
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7
Q

Removal of air sac tube

A
  • Conscious restraint
  • Cut + remove sutures
  • Apply gentle traction to tube
  • Site left to close via 2y intention
  • Skin sutures may be placed but requires GA
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8
Q

Ingluviotomy

A
  • Lateral recum
  • Under GA
  • ET tube placed to protect airway
  • Surgical site plucked + prepared -> drape placed
  • Incision made in skin between visible vessels - dorsal to ventral alignment
  • Crop wall incised between vessels (stay sutures either end of distensible crop)
  • Contents cleared using forceps/curettes
  • Closure of crop wall - inverting, second suture line can improve security of closure
  • Appositional skin sutures placed + drainage point left at dependent part of wound if contamination occurred
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9
Q

Ingluviotomy - post-op care

A
  • Analgesia
  • AB - if known infection - wound contamination, aspiration
  • Small meals of easily digestible food for 48 h
  • Remove sutures 5 - 7 d (crop = smooth muscle + heals quickly, by 4 -5 d)
  • Remove material responsible from environment
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10
Q

Type 1 pododermatitis (bumblefoot)

A
  • Medical
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11
Q

Pododermatitis (bumblefoot) (grade II-II)

A
  • Radiographs - guided Px
  • Clean + surgically prep site
  • Tourniquet placed on tarsometatarsal region + tightened only when incision made (no longer than 10 min)
  • Incise around superficial corn lesion
  • Sharply debride all fibrous scar tissue between skin + underlying tendons + bone
  • Skin is undermined + closed where possible
  • Tension is common - supportive foot dressing are advisable to protect wound + limit swelling
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12
Q

Pododermatitis (bumblefoot) (grade II-III) - post-op care

A
  • Analgesia
  • AB - C&S
  • Keep site clean
  • Padded perching
  • Keep padded dressings in place until healing complete
  • Address 1y cause
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13
Q

Salpingectomy

A
  • Oviduct removal
  • Lateral approach caudal to last rib
  • Incise skin
  • Use radiosurgery for transecting muscle
  • Enter coelom through abdominal air sac
  • Radiosurgery for sealing small vv of dorsal ligament
  • Haemoclips/ligatures on cranial, middle + caudal oviductal aa
  • Transfixing ligature on oviductal connection w/ cloaca
  • High complication rate - don’t flush coelom
  • Close muscle w/ appositional sutures
  • Simple interrupted in skin
  • Analgesia
  • AB cover - broad spectrum
  • Guarded Px
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14
Q

Ovariectomy

A
  • Rare
  • Cranial renal a + common iliac v closely apposed to ovary + haemostasis not possible
  • Laser ablation or partial resection possible
  • Medical management w/ GnRH instead of surgery
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15
Q

Fx

A
  • Stabilisation - immediate + prevents further injury
  • Rigid support for healing
  • Humeral - frequently open, complicating fixation, lack ST cover, bone breaks through skin when wings flap
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16
Q

Wing Fx first aid

A
17
Q

Wing Fx

A
  • Perfect apposition - only way to restore flight ability
18
Q

Fx healing

A
  • Long-term bandaging - not ideal immobilise joints -> loss of range of movement -> permanent loss of func
  • Rigid surgical fixation required
  • Depends on Fx type, location + infection status
19
Q

Immobilisation of leg Fx

A
  • Splints - temporary
  • Femoral Fx difficult to splint but well supported by musculature
  • Sx fixation (for good outcome) (altered alignment/length of leg can predispose to bumblefoot)
  • Tarsometatarsal Fx in large birds -> Sx
20
Q

Altman splint

A
  • Small birds (< 100 g)
  • Lower leg Fx
  • Manage w/ tape splint + immobilisation alone
  • Leave in place for 3 - 4 w
  • Ongoing pain relief
21
Q

Fx repair post-op care

A
  • Analgesia
  • AB - based on situation
  • Restricted exercise initially -> gradual inc
  • Healing 2 - 3 w
  • Staged removal of implants
22
Q

Endoscopy

A
  • Depression palpable between flexori cruris medialis muscle, pubis + last rib
  • Sharp incision made in skin
  • Muscle of body wall punctured w/ blunt haemostats
23
Q

Tracheoscopy

A
  • When URT distress / vocal changes
  • Anaesthesia maintained via air sac tube for longer procedures
  • Extubation+ hiatus of gaesous anaesthesia in stable patientsfor brief tracheoscopy
24
Q

Syringeal aspergilloma

A
  • Dx via tracheoscopy
  • Granulomas can be resected endoscopically

AAA VMS4001 (15 decks)

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