Rubin's 28: Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

What is the diagnosis? Baby born with gross deformity of lower back; Subcutaneous lesion has disorganized neural tissue and entrapment of nerve roots;

A

Meningomylocele Neural tube defect; Exposes the spinal canal; Causes entrapment of nerve roots

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2
Q

Congenital atresia of ______ is the most common cause of congenital hydrocephalus.

A

Aqueduct of Sylvius

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3
Q

CSF is formed principally by what brain area?

A

Choroid plexus

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4
Q

What is Polymicrogyria?

A

Common cause of mental retardation Surface of brain shows multiple small, irregularly sized, randomly-distributed gyral folds

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5
Q

What is the diagnosis? Trinucelotide repeat pathology; Mild scoliosis; New onset difficult walking; Lower-limb areflexia; dysarthria; cardiomyopathy

A

Friedreich Ataxia combined ataxia of upper and lower limbs extensor plantar reflexes and sensory loss also common; scoliosis, diabetes mellitus; autosomal recessive - inherited hypertrophic cardiomyopathy is common cause of death

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6
Q

What is the most common chronic CNS disease among young adults in the US?

A

Multiple sclerosis End-stage in brain: astrogliosis, thick-walled blood vessels, perivascular inflammation, secondary loss of axons

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7
Q

Associate negri bodies with what diagnosis?

A

Rabies tendency to aspirate fluids = “hydrophobia” perivascular cuffing my lymphocytes

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8
Q

Associate Lewy bodies with what diagnosis?

A

Parkinson’s disease Eosinophilic inclusions composed of filamentous aggregates of alpha-synuclein

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9
Q

Accumulation of blood between the calvaria and the dura is what kind of hematoma?

A

Epidural Commonly associated with trauma - bone fracture severs middle meningeal artery

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10
Q

Pernicious anemia can have what CNS complication?

A

Lesions in the posterolateral spinal cord –> degeneration –> paresthesias and burning sensations in feet, weakness of legs Once these effects hit, it is not commonly reversible

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11
Q

Wernicke syndrome is secondary to thiamine deficiency. Atrophy of what parts of the brain would be seen on autopsy?

A

Mamillary bodies and hypothalamus Periaqueductal regions of the midbrain and the tegmentum of the pons

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12
Q

What is a lethal complication? Infant with severe GI fluid loss ie. from diarrhea

A

Venous sinus thrombosis in the brain

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13
Q

What is the diagnosis? One pupil blown; Follows trauma; Death; Duret hemorrhages in the midbrain

A

Transtentorial herniation

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14
Q

Charcot-Bouchard aneurysms can be seen in what diagnosis?

A

HTN cerebral lipohyalinosis –> weakening of arterial walls –> cerebral microaneurysms

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15
Q

Leptomeningitis refers to an inflammatory process localized to the:

A

pia and arachnoid

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16
Q

What is the main culprit of meningitis in newborns?

A

E. Coli

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17
Q

What is the diagnosis? Accumulation of ganglioside GM1 in the CNS neurons; Progressive muscle weakness; Blindness; Death in early childhoo

A

Tay-Sachs AR disorder Inborn deficiency of hexaminidase A

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18
Q

Herpes simplex type 1 targets has tropism for what parts of the brain?

A

Temporal lobes

19
Q

Poliovirus has tropism for what part of the brain?

A

Brainstem nuclei

20
Q

What is the diagnosis? Cerebral calcifications and convulsions in a neonate; Intranuclear and intracytoplasmic inclusions in neurons and astrocytes; TORCH infection

A

CMV

21
Q

A berry aneurysm is also known as a:

A

saccular aneurysm congenital most often found in the circle of Willis

22
Q

What is the most common site for a stroke due to hypertension?

A

basal ganglia/thalamic area (65%)

23
Q

Necrosis of pyrimidal neurons of Sommer’s sector in the hippocampus occurs as a consequence of:

A

global anoxia

24
Q

Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) is a destructive disease caused by JC virus. What are the symptoms?

A

Dementia Visual loss Progressive weakness Can follow cadaveric transplant (due to immunosuppression) Lesions of demyelination near gray-white junction in cerebral hemispheres and brainstem

25
Q

Central pontine myelinolysis is a rare demyelinating disorder of the pons seen in what population?

A

Alcoholics

26
Q

Small emboli, notably those composed of fat or air, occlude capillaries and cause _______

A

petechiae

27
Q

Occlusion of the vertebral artery results in infarcts in what part of the brain?

A

Cerebellum

28
Q

What is the diagnosis? Failure to thrive; Respiratory insufficiency; Accumulation of cerebroside in the white matter of the brain and peripheral nerves; Accumulation of arylsulfate (no functioning arylsufatas)

A

MLD - Metachromatic Leukodystrophy inborn error of metabolism

29
Q

What is the diagnosis? Child with progressive decline in motor and sensory functions; X-linked disorder; Dysfunction of the adrenal cortex; Demyelination of the nervous system are associated with high levels of saturated very long-chain fatty acids in tissues and body fluid; Body quickly reduced to vegetative state

A

ALD - Adrenoleukodystrophy Defect in peroxisomal membrane prevents the normal activation of free fatty acids by the addition of CoA –> fatty acids accumulate in gangliosides and myelin

30
Q

What is the diagnosis? deficiency of galactocerebroside beta-galactosidase activity; disease of white matter - accumulation of “globoid cells”

A

Krabbe disease rapidly progressive; fatal; AR disorder; presence of perivascular aggregates of mononuclear and multinucleated cells in the white matter

31
Q

Associate Alexander disease with:

A

Rosenthal fibers Alexander disease is a rare neurologic disorder of infants; mutation in gene encoding glial fibrillary acidic protein

32
Q

Reactivation of latent measles virus can cause what lethal viral infection?

A

SSPE - subacute sclerosing panencephalitis Intranuclear inclusions in neurons and oligodendroglia, marked gliosis in affected gray and white matter, patchy loss of myelin, perivascular lymphocytes and macrophages.

33
Q

Children with medulloblastoma are first seen with what neurologic symptoms?

A

Cerebellar dysfunction (gait and balance); Hydrocephalus

34
Q

What is the diagnosis? Hereditary syndrome; Cerebellar hemangioblastomas are associated with retinal angiomas, renal cell carcinomas;

A

Von Hippel-Lindau syndrome Mutation in the VHL tumor suppressor gene

35
Q

What is the diagnosis? Facial port-wine stain (Nevus Flammeus); Angiomas of the leptomeninges

A

Sturge-Weber syndrome Nonfamilial congenital disorder

36
Q

HMB-45 is a useful tumor marker for:

A

Melanoma Mets can go to the brain - test for HMD-45 in the brain

37
Q

A “butterfly like” lesion in the brain is suggestive of what diagnosis?

A

Glioblastoma multiforme Can invade the contralateral hemisphere across the corpus callosum (looks like a butterfly)

38
Q

What is the diagnosis? Tumor that originates in the lining of the cavities that contain CSF; Most common site for this tumor is the 4th ventricle –> creates an obstruction which leads to hydrocephalus; Not easily resectable

A

Ependymoma Cells have an “epithelial” appearance May also originate from the lining of the central canal of the spinal cord and the filum terminale

39
Q

What is the histologic hallmark of meningiomas?

A

Whorled pattern of “meningothelial” cells Meningiomas grow very slowly

40
Q

Where does the deposition of copper occur in the brain that leads to the neurologic deficits associated with Wilson disease, such as lack of coordination and tremor?

A

Corpus striatum

41
Q

What is the diagnosis? Syndrome; Bilateral tumors of the 8th cranial nerve (acoustic neuromas); meningiomas and gliomas common;

A

Neurofibromatosis type 2

42
Q

What is the difference between Neurofibromatosis type 1 and 2?

A

NF2 exhibits acoustic neuromas, but NF1 does not

43
Q

T/F: Diabetes affects both the sensory and the motor portions of the peripheral nervous system.

A

True Common cause of distal polyneuropathy