Pharmacology - Non-medical drug use Flashcards
Where is most alcohol metabolized?
Liver although some metabolism occurs in stomach
With a big meal more stomach metabolism takes place because absorption is slower
T/F On empty stomach, peak alcohol concentration in blood arrives earlier, peak concentration is higher, and total absorption is greater
True
How can you measure absorption?
area under curve on a plasma concentration vs time graph
What are the two liver enzymes involved in alcohol metabolism?
alcohol dehydrogenase
acetaldehyde dehydrogenase
where are alcohol dehydrogenase and acetaldehyde dehydrogenase found within the cell?
alcohol dehydrogenase (cytoplasm)
acetaldehyde dehydrogenase I (cytoplasm - MINOR)
acetaldehyde dehydrogenase II (mitochondria - MAJOR)
enhanced toxicity from alcohol in certain susceptible individuals is due to
rapid metabolizing alcohol dehydrogenase (producing high levels of acetaldehyde) or defective mitochondrial acetaldehyde dehydrogenase
what is disulfiram?
(anabuse) acetaldehyde dehydrogenase inhibitor ==> acetaldehyde builds up and causes toxicity (nausea, vomiting)
T/F oxidation of ethanol via ADH or ALDH both utilize NAD+ as electron acceptor
true
Under what conditions is the P450 system utilized to metabolize alcohol?
Heavy or chronic drinking
Alcohol metabolism exhibits 1st order or zero order elimination kinetics?
Zero order (saturation) kinetics untill very very low levels (.005%) becomes 1st order kinetics (100 mg/kg/hr - at levels this low rate is not dependent on concentration, dependent on body weight)
NAD+ is limiting (saturatable) factor
Microsomal ethanol oxidizing system (MEOS) utilizes which CYP450 enzyme to metabolize alcohol?
CYP2E1
T/F stomach is greatest site of absorption for alcohol
FALSE - small intestine!
Which allele of ADH is responsible for enhanced sensitivity to alcohol in Asians?
ß2 allele
Which neurotransmitter system do LSD, mescaline, psilocybin, MDMA primarily influence?
serotonin
Metabolic symptoms of excessive alcohol intake
hypoglycemia
lactic acidosis
ketoacidosis
hypertriglyceremia