Pharmacology - Non-medical drug use Flashcards

1
Q

Where is most alcohol metabolized?

A

Liver although some metabolism occurs in stomach

With a big meal more stomach metabolism takes place because absorption is slower

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2
Q

T/F On empty stomach, peak alcohol concentration in blood arrives earlier, peak concentration is higher, and total absorption is greater

A

True

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3
Q

How can you measure absorption?

A

area under curve on a plasma concentration vs time graph

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4
Q

What are the two liver enzymes involved in alcohol metabolism?

A

alcohol dehydrogenase

acetaldehyde dehydrogenase

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5
Q

where are alcohol dehydrogenase and acetaldehyde dehydrogenase found within the cell?

A

alcohol dehydrogenase (cytoplasm)
acetaldehyde dehydrogenase I (cytoplasm - MINOR)
acetaldehyde dehydrogenase II (mitochondria - MAJOR)

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6
Q

enhanced toxicity from alcohol in certain susceptible individuals is due to

A

rapid metabolizing alcohol dehydrogenase (producing high levels of acetaldehyde) or defective mitochondrial acetaldehyde dehydrogenase

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7
Q

what is disulfiram?

A

(anabuse) acetaldehyde dehydrogenase inhibitor ==> acetaldehyde builds up and causes toxicity (nausea, vomiting)

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8
Q

T/F oxidation of ethanol via ADH or ALDH both utilize NAD+ as electron acceptor

A

true

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9
Q

Under what conditions is the P450 system utilized to metabolize alcohol?

A

Heavy or chronic drinking

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10
Q

Alcohol metabolism exhibits 1st order or zero order elimination kinetics?

A

Zero order (saturation) kinetics untill very very low levels (.005%) becomes 1st order kinetics (100 mg/kg/hr - at levels this low rate is not dependent on concentration, dependent on body weight)

NAD+ is limiting (saturatable) factor

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11
Q

Microsomal ethanol oxidizing system (MEOS) utilizes which CYP450 enzyme to metabolize alcohol?

A

CYP2E1

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12
Q

T/F stomach is greatest site of absorption for alcohol

A

FALSE - small intestine!

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13
Q

Which allele of ADH is responsible for enhanced sensitivity to alcohol in Asians?

A

ß2 allele

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14
Q

Which neurotransmitter system do LSD, mescaline, psilocybin, MDMA primarily influence?

A

serotonin

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15
Q

Metabolic symptoms of excessive alcohol intake

A

hypoglycemia
lactic acidosis
ketoacidosis
hypertriglyceremia

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16
Q

What else does CYP2E1 metabolize?

A

acetaminophen, theophylline, halogenated anesthetics

17
Q

T/F signs of cerebellar dysfunction from alcohol include diplopia, nystagmus, dysarthria, ataxia

A

True

18
Q

Alcohol increases or decreases HDL levels?

A

increases (1-6 drinks/week)

19
Q

Alcohol increases or decreases risk coronary heart failure?

A

decreases (1-6 drinks/week)

20
Q

What is considered safe level of alcohol consumption?

A

1-2 drinks/day for women

2-3/day for men

21
Q

T/F Acute alcohol use inhibits drug metabolism while chronic use can increase metabolism

A

True

22
Q

T/F alcohol inhibits activity of adrenal cortex

A

False - adrenal cortex is stimulated

23
Q

What effect does alcohol have on testosterone synthesis?

A

Decreased testosterone synthesis: male
alcoholics > hypogonadism & feminization,
gynecomastia

Also suppresses uterine motility & milk ejection

24
Q

T/F alcohol is the most frequent cause of teratogenically induced mental deficiency in the Western world

A

True

25
Q

Effects of alcohol on fetus include?

A

decreased pre and postnatal body length and below mean weight

Facial/limb deformaties

microcephaly, tremor, seizures, slow development, hyperactivity, learning problems, memory problems

26
Q

Methyl-alcohol causes acidosis visual disturbances and blindness. What is treatment?

A

ethanol + bicarbinate

27
Q

What is major symptom of ethylene glycol toxicity?

A

Nephrotoxicity
acidosis
CNS excitement —> depression

28
Q

What is major symptom of methanol toxicity?

A

retinal damage

acidosis

29
Q

What is major symptom of methanol toxicity?

A

Nausea, vomiting, headache, HYPOtension

30
Q

What is major symptom of isopropyl alcohol toxicity?

A

gastritis, acidosis, CNS symptoms

31
Q

T/F Treatment for isopropyl alcohol toxicity is ethanol + bicarb

A

FALSE (this is for methanol) there is no antedote for isopropyl alcohol toxicity

32
Q

What are roofies? What type of drug?

A

flunitrazepam - Rohypnol

Benzo

33
Q

How is cocaine metabolized?

A

Mostly by plasma cholinesterase but some P450 metabolism

byproduct detected in urine tests is benzoylecgonine

34
Q

What is current use of cocaine?

A

topical anesthetic for upper respiratory tract (vasocontrictor and local anesthesia ==> shrinks mucosa)

35
Q

T/F hallucinogens are schedule I drugs

A

true

36
Q

What is MPTP?

A

failed attempt at making fentanyl that resulted in death of substantia nigra neurons and drug induced parkinsons

37
Q

LSD is agonist or antagonist of 5HT2A receptors?

A

agonist - inhibits firing at Raphe nucleus (which is inhibitory) thus agonism disinhibits post-synaptic neurons

38
Q

What is anandamide?

A

natral ligand for canbabanoid receptors

39
Q

MDMA side effects

A

Possible hypertensive crisis with spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage paranoid psychosis, cardiac arrhythmias, death