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Recruit School > Ropes & Knots (IFSTA) > Flashcards

Ropes & Knots (IFSTA) Flashcards

1
Q

One of the oldest and most common tools used by firefighters

A

Rope

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2
Q

Applications for rope

A
  1. Rescues
  2. Hoisting tools
  3. Securing unstable objects
  4. Cordoning off areas
  5. Gaining access to areas above and below ground level
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3
Q

Designed to be used only for rescue and other emergency operations or to raise, lower, or support firefighters during training

A

Life safety rope

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4
Q

Life safety rope should not be used for ___

A

Other utility purposes

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5
Q

Only rope of ___ is suitable for life safety applications

A

Block creel construction using continuous filament virgin fiber for load-bearing elements

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6
Q

Specifies the only rope construction suitable for life safety applications

A

NFPA 1983

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7
Q

Requires manufacturers to provide info regarding proper use, inspection, and maintenance procedures and criteria for retiring life safety rope from service

A

NFPA 1983

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8
Q

In order to be reused in life safety applications, NFPA 1983 requires that rope meet what criteria?

A
  1. No abrasions or visible damage
  2. No exposure to heat or direct flame
  3. No exposure to any impact load
  4. No exposure to liquids, solids, gases, mists, or vapors of any chemical or other material that can deteriorate raw rope
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9
Q

Impact loading cannot be detected by the ___

A

Manufacturer’s regularly scheduled inspections

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10
Q

Start and keep a rope log throughout the rope’s ___

A

Working life

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11
Q

Maintaining accurate rope logs ensures that ___

A

Life safety ropes remain a reliable source of protection for rescuers and victims

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12
Q

When life safety rope is purchased, it must be permanently ___

A

Identified

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13
Q

Common method of marking life safety rope

A

Mark the ends of the ropes with the unit number and date placed into service

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14
Q

Marking the ends of new ropes can be done with ___

A

A printed label sealed to the rope ends with a liquid compound made for this purpose

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15
Q

Remove a life safety rope from service if ___

A

It has been subjected to an impact load, fails inspection, has been used only as utility rope, or is marked for destruction

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16
Q

If a life safety rope is repurposed as a utility rope, you must ___

A

Alter it in some way so that it cannot be mistaken for a life safety rope

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17
Q

Life safety rope that has been converted to utility rope is referred to as ___

A

Downgraded

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18
Q

Can be used to hoist equipment, secure unstable objects, or cordon off an area

A

Utility rope

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19
Q

Ensure that downgraded life safety rope is clearly marked as ___

A

Utility rope

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20
Q

Downgraded life safety rope can be used as utility rope if it is ___

A

Still in good condition

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21
Q

NFPA standard on utility rope

A

None

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22
Q

Fire service rope can be constructed from ___

A

Synthetic or natural fibers

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23
Q

___ fibers are used to construct both life safety and utility ropes

A

Synthetic

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24
Q

___ fibers are only permitted for utility ropes

A

Natural

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25
Q

The main difference between synthetic and natural fiber ropes

A

The material used for construction

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26
Q

How does the material used for rope construction affect the rope?

A

The use and longevity of each type

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27
Q

Natural fiber rope loses its strength when it ___

A

Gets wet and rots rapidly

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28
Q

Synthetic fibers include ___

A
  1. Polypropylene
  2. Nylon
  3. Kevlar
  4. Polyester
  5. Polysteel
  6. Spectra
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29
Q

Disadvantage of synthetic fibers

A

Melt when exposed to heat

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30
Q

Advantages of synthetic fiber rope

A
  1. Excellent resistance to water, mildew, mold, rotting, and shrinkage
  2. Longer life span than natural fiber rope
  3. Lightweight yet very strong
  4. Easy to maintain
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31
Q

Most natural fiber rope is made from ___

A

Plant fibers such as:
1. Manila
2. Sisal
3. Hemp
4. Cotton

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32
Q

Disadvantage of natural fiber rope

A
  1. Being prone to mildew and mold
  2. Deteriorates when exposed to chemicals
  3. Burns when in contact with embers or open flame
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33
Q

Natural fiber ropes should not be used for ___

A

Life safety applications

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34
Q

Advantages of natural fiber rope

A
  1. More resistant to sunlight than synthetic rope
  2. Chars rather than melts (fails) when exposed to heat
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35
Q

Most common types of rope construction

A
  1. Kernmantle
  2. Laid
  3. Braided
  4. Braid-on-braid
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36
Q

Jacketed synthetic rope composed of a braided covering or sheath over a core of the main load-bearing strands

A

Kernmantle rope

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37
Q

Sheath

A

Mantle

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38
Q

Core

A

Kern

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39
Q

The kernmantle rope core strands run ___ and work in conjunction with the covering to ___

A
  1. Parallel with the rope’s length
  2. Increase the rope’s stretch resistance and load characteristics
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40
Q

The core of a kernmantle rope is made of ___

A

High-strength fibers, usually nylon

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41
Q

The core of a kernmantle rope accounts for ___ of the total strength of the rope

A

75%

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42
Q

The sheath of a kernmantle rope accounts for ___ of the total strength of the rope

A

25%

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43
Q

Function of the sheath in a kernmantle rope

A

Protects the core from abrasion and contamination as well as some strength of the rope

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44
Q

Kernmantle construction is used for ___ rope

A

Life-safety

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45
Q

Kernmantle rope types

A
  1. Dynamic (high stretch)
  2. Static (low stretch)
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46
Q

Used when long falls are a possibility

A

Dynamic rope

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47
Q

___ rope is designed to stretch without breaking

A

Dynamic

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48
Q

Why is dynamic rope designed to stretch?

A

To reduce the shock of impact in falls

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49
Q

Why is dynamic rope not used for hoisting applications other than a belay line?

A

The elasticity is a disadvantage when trying to raise or lower heavy loads

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50
Q

___ rope is used for most rope-rescue operations

A

Static

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51
Q

Rope designed for low stretch without breaking

A

Static

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52
Q

Low-stretch rope must not elongate more than ___ when tested under ___

A
  1. 10%
  2. A load equal to 10% of its breaking strength
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53
Q

Static rope is used for ___

A

Rescue, rappelling, and hoisting and where falls are not likely to occur or only very short falls are possible

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54
Q

Constructed by twisting fibers together to form strands, then twisting the strands (typically 3) together to make the final rope

A

Laid (twisted) rope

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55
Q

Most natural fiber ropes and some synthetic ropes are of this type

A

Laid (twisted) rope

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56
Q

Laid ropes are used exclusively as ___

A

Utility ropes

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57
Q

Disadvantage of laid ropes

A
  1. Susceptible to abrasion and other physical damage
  2. Damage immediately effects the ropes strength because such a large portion of load bearing strands are exposed
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58
Q

Advantage of laid rope strand exposure

A

Easy to inspect

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59
Q

Constructed by uniformly intertwining strands of rope together in a diagonally overlapping pattern

A

Braided rope

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60
Q

Braided rope is less likely to ___ than laid rope, but its load-bearing fibers are ___

A
  1. Twist during use
  2. Still vulnerable to direct abrasion and damage
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61
Q

Braided rope is most commonly used as ___

A

Utility rope

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62
Q

Most braided ropes are made with ___

A

Synthetic fibers, although some use natural fibers

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63
Q

Consists of a braided core enclosed in a braided sheath

A

Braid-on-braid rope

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64
Q

Braid-on-braid rope is also known as ___

A

Double-braided rope

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65
Q

Difference between braid-on-braid rope and kernmantle rope

A

Kernmantle rope has a core rope strand running the length of the rope while braid-on-braid rope has a braided core running the length of the rope

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66
Q

Strength of braid-on-braid rope

A

Very strong. Half the strength is in the core and half in the sheath

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67
Q

Disadvantage of braid-on-braid rope

A
  1. Does not resist abrasion as well as kernmantle rope
  2. The sheath may slide along the inner core of the rope
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68
Q

Braid-on-braid rope is most often used as a ___

A

Utility rope

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69
Q

A rope log must be kept so that personnel can record the rope’s ___

A

Use and maintenance history

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70
Q

Ropes should be inspected ___

A
  1. After each use
  2. At least once a year if unused
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71
Q

Damage to rope that requires removal from service

A
  1. Imbedded shards of glass
  2. Metal shavings
  3. Wood splinters
  4. Foreign objects that can damage the fibers
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72
Q

Inspecting kernmantle rope is somewhat difficult because the damage may not ___

A

Be obvious

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73
Q

When inspecting kernmantle rope ___

A

Put a slight tension on the rope while feeling for lumps, depressions, or soft spots

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74
Q

Soft spots in kernmantle rope is caused by ___, but they may not be signs of permanent damage to the core because ___

A
  1. Knots or bends
  2. Core fibers may only be temporarily misaligned
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75
Q

If you feel a soft spot in kernmantle rope ___

A

Inspect the outer sheath, if the sheath is damaged, the core is probably damaged as well

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76
Q

The core of a kernmantle rope can be damaged without ___

A

Visible evidence on the outer sheath

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77
Q

If there is any doubt about the kernmantle rope’s integrity, it should be ___

A

Removed from service, downgraded to utility status, or destroyed

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78
Q

In addition to inspecting kernmantle rope for damage to the core or sheath, inspect the rope for ___

A
  1. Irregularities in shape or weave
  2. Foul smells
  3. Discoloration from chemical contamination
  4. Roughness
  5. Abrasions
  6. Deterioration (fuzziness)
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79
Q

Rope that is excessively fuzzy in one spot or overall should be ___

A

Removed from service

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80
Q

Inspecting synthetic laid rope

A

Should be untwisted so that all sides of each strand can be inspected

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81
Q

In synthetic laid rope, mildew is not necessarily an option because ___. However ___

A
  1. The fibers resists rotting and molding
  2. Mildew must always be removed, after which the rope should be cleaned and reinspected
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82
Q

When inspecting synthetic laid rope, look for ___

A
  1. Soft, crusty, stiff, or brittle spots
  2. Cuts, nicks, or abrasions
  3. Dirt or grease
  4. Excessive stretching
  5. Chemical damage
  6. Other obvious flaws
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83
Q

Natural fiber laid rope deteriorates with ___

A

Age

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84
Q

When natural fiber rope reaches the end of its manufacturer’s recommended service life, it must be ___

A

Removed from service

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85
Q

The rope’s age can be determined from the ___

A

Rope log

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86
Q

When inspecting natural fiber laid rope look for ___

A
  1. Ruptured fibers and powdering between strands
  2. Dark red, brown, or black spots between the strands, along with a sour, musty, or acidic odor
  3. Powdering between strands
  4. Brittle or ruptured fibers, dark red or brown spots, salt encrustation, or swollen areas
  5. Rust spots
  6. Accumulation of heavy, greasy materials
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87
Q

Ruptured fibers and powdering between strands on a natural fiber laid rope indicates ___

A

The rope has been overloaded

88
Q

Dark red, brown, or black spots between the strands, along with a sour, musty, or acidic odor on a natural fiber laid rope indicates ___

A

Rot and mildew

89
Q

Powdering between strands on a natural fiber laid rope indicates ___

A

Internal wear

90
Q

Brittle or ruptured fibers, dark red or brown spots, salt encrustation, or swollen areas on a natural fiber laid rope indicates ___

A

Chemical damage

91
Q

Rust spots on natural fiber laid ropes occurs ___

A

On ropes in pre-rigged pulley systems or ropes that are stored with other metal devices

92
Q

Rust spots on natural fiber laid rope indicates ___

A

Weakened fibers and reduced holding power

93
Q

Accumulations of heavy, greasy materials on natural fiber laid rope indicates ___

A

Adverse effects on rope strength and reduced holding power

94
Q

Rot will quickly spread from a rotten rope to a new rope if they are ___

A

Stored next to each other

95
Q

When rot is discovered, ___

A

The rotten rope and any surrounding rope must be immediately removed from service, cleaned, and reinspected. The storage area should be cleaned, dried, and ventilated before putting the rope back into it

96
Q

Inspect braided rope for ___

A

Visually look for exterior damage, such as nicks, cuts, heat sears, and excessive or unusual fizziness. Inspect for permanent mushy spots or other deformities by feeling and squeezing the surface of the rope

97
Q

Visually inspect braided rope for ___

A

Exterior damage, such as nicks, cuts, heat sears, and excessive or unusual fizziness. Inspect for permanent mushy spots

98
Q

Inspect braid-on-braid rope for ___

A

Visually look for heat sears, nicks, or cuts. Feel for lumps, check to see if the sheath slides on the core, and see if the diameter has shrunk

99
Q

Cause of heat sears

A

Friction or fire

100
Q

Lumps in braid-on-braid ropes indicates ___

A

Core damage

101
Q

Braid-on-braid rope shrunk diameter indicates ___

A

A break in the core

102
Q

In a braid-on-braid rope, if the sheath slides on the core ___

A

Cut the end of the rope, pull off excess material, and then seal the end

103
Q

If not properly maintained, synthetic and natural fiber ropes can be ___

A

Easily damaged

104
Q

Guidelines to ensure rope remain in good condition

A
  1. Avoid abrasions and unnecessary wear
  2. Avoid sharp angles, bends, and knots
  3. Protect ends from damage
  4. Avoid sustained loads
  5. Avoid rust
  6. Prevent contact with chemicals
  7. Reverse ends of the rope periodically
  8. Do not walk on rope
105
Q

Sharp angles, bends, and knots can reduce strength by as much as ___

A

50%

106
Q

How to prevent ends of the rope from unravelling

A

Whip or tape cut ends

107
Q

Never subject a rope to sustained loads for more than ___

A

Two days

108
Q

___ ropes have less ability to bear sustained loads than ___ ropes

A
  1. Natural fiber
  2. Synthetic fiber
109
Q

A natural fiber rope subjected to heavy loads for long periods of time can ___

A

Break well below the rated load limit

110
Q

Rust can weaken rope within ___

A

One or two weeks

111
Q

If the rust stain is halfway through the rope, then the rope may have ___

A

Lost as much as half its strength

112
Q

Ensures even wear along all portions of the rope

A

Reversing the ends periodically

113
Q

Walking on rope ___

A

Grinds dirt and debris into the strands and bruises the strands by compressing them

114
Q

After use, visually inspect the rope to determine if it has been ___

A

Contaminated or soiled

115
Q

If the rope is contaminated or soiled ___

A

Use a stiff bristle brush to remove loose surface debris and grime. If additional cleaning is needed follow the manufacturer’s instructions

116
Q

To loosen embedded dirt particles, wash synthetic fiber ropes with ___. Do not use ___

A
  1. A mild detergent or fabric softener added in lukewarm to warm water
  2. Bleaches or strong cleansers
117
Q

Three methods for cleaning synthetic rope

A
  1. Washing by hand
  2. Rope-washing device
  3. Washing machine
118
Q

How to clean synthetic rope by hand

A

Place into a utility sink filled with water and detergent. Scrub with a bristle brush. Can also place in a mesh bag, allow it to soak, and then agitate it by hand. When clean, rinse thoroughly in clean water to remove detergent

119
Q

Commercial rope washing devices consist of ___

A

A bristle-lined plastic tube that has a garden hose connection at the side

120
Q

Rope-washing devices do not address ___

A

Deeper cleaning problems

121
Q

How to wash synthetic rope in a washing machine

A
  1. Place in a mesh bag and place in machine (must not have a center agitator)
  2. Set the washer on the coolest wash/rinse temp and use only a small amount of mild detergent
  3. May also be used to rinse rope that was cleaned with a high-pressure washer
122
Q

After you have washed and rinsed the rope, you must ___

A

Dry the rope immediately

123
Q

How to dry rope

A
  1. Spread in a hose drying rack
  2. Suspend in a hose tower
  3. Loosely coil it in a hose dryer
124
Q

Never use a heated dryer to dry rope because ___

A

Heat can reduce the rope’s tensile strength

125
Q

Avoid drying or storing rope in direct sunlight because ___

A

UV light can weaken the rope

126
Q

The rope log must include ___

A
  1. Product label, ID label, and manufacturer’s instructions
  2. Info regarding purchase date, use, maintenance, and inspection
  3. Incidents that result in impact loading
127
Q

The rope log may be stored ___

A

At the station or in the rope storage bag

128
Q

Helps ensure that a rope maintains its condition and rated load strength and reaches its life expectancy

A

Proper rope storage

129
Q

Rope should be stored in a ___

A

Clean, dry, unheated area with freely circulating air currents

130
Q

Ropes should not be stored in the same compartments where ___ are stored

A

Gasoline-powered tools or fuel containers

131
Q

New rope is generally stored on ___ until it is placed into service

A

Reels

132
Q

Best method for storing rope

A

Place it into a nylon or canvas storage bag

133
Q

Advantage of storing rope in a nylon or canvas bag

A

Makes the rope easy to transport and protects it from abrasion and contamination

134
Q

Mark the rope bag to indicate ___

A

The type, diameter and length of rope and the unit to which it has been assigned

135
Q

Ropes stored in bags can be deployed quickly by ___

A

Holding the end of the rope and dropping or throwing the bag

136
Q

Webbing is used ___

A

In conjunction with rope for both life safety and utility applications

137
Q

Webbing comes in many forms and may be a ___

A
  1. Piece of material
  2. Ladder belt
  3. Loop
  4. Rescue harness
138
Q

Webbing is constructed from the same materials used to make ___

A

Synthetic rope

139
Q

Webbing can be ___

A

Flat or tubular in either a spiral-weave or chain-weave design

140
Q

Most common webbing size used

A

1”

141
Q

Any webbing used for life-safety applications must be ___ compliant

A

NFPA 1983

142
Q

Flat webbing is constructed of ___

A

A single layer of material that resembles an automobile seat belt

143
Q

Advantage of flat webbing

A

Cheaper than tubular tubing

144
Q

Disadvantage of flat webbing

A

Stiffer and more difficult to tie into knots

145
Q

In rescue applications, flat webbing is mainly used for ___

A

Straps and harnesses

146
Q

Tubular webbing is commonly used for ___

A

Rescue applications

147
Q

Advantage of tubular webbing

A

Easier to tie than flat webbing

148
Q

Two types of tubular webbing

A
  1. Edge-stitched
  2. Spiral weave
149
Q

Formed by folding a piece of flat webbing lengthwise and sewing the edges together

A

Edge-stitched webbing

150
Q

Spiral weave tubular webbing is also known as ___

A

Shuttle-loom construction

151
Q

Spiral weave tubular webbing is preferred for ___

A

Rescue work

152
Q

Care, cleaning, and maintenance of webbing follow the same guidelines used for ___

A

Synthetic rope

153
Q

Many firefighters carry a ___-foot length of utility webbing in their coat pocket

A

20 to 30

154
Q

How to store long lengths of webbing

A

Roll or daisy chain

155
Q

Three parts of a rope when tying knots

A
  1. Working end
  2. Running part
  3. Standing part
156
Q

The part of the rope used to tie the knot or hitch

A

Working end

157
Q

The part of the rope that is the free end used for hoisting or pulling

A

Running part

158
Q

The part of the rope that is the section between the working end and the running part

A

Standing part

159
Q

Tighten knots until ___

A

Snug

160
Q

The process of removing the slack from a knot

A

Dressing

161
Q

Even dressed knots can loosen or fail because of ___

A

Repeated loading and unloading of the rope

162
Q

One way to prevent failure of a knot

A

Tie an overhand safety knot in the tail of the working end or a hitch

163
Q

Temporary knot that can be undone by pulling against the strain that holds it

A

Hitch

164
Q

To be suitable for use in the fire service, a knot must be ___

A

Easy to tie and untie, be secure under load, and reduce the rope’s strength as little as possible

165
Q

A rope’s strength is reduced to some degree whenever it is ___

A

Bent

166
Q

The tighter the bend, the more ___ is lost

A

Strength

167
Q

Knots and hitches are a combination of ___

A

Bights, loops, and round turns

168
Q

Bend the rope back on itself, keeping the sides parallel

A

Bight

169
Q

Cross the side of a bight over the standing part

A

Loop

170
Q

Continue bending one side of the loop

A

Round turn

171
Q

Most common knots and hitches used in the fire service

A
  1. Overhand safety
  2. Clove hitch
  3. Figure-8
  4. Figure-8 on a bight
  5. Figure-8 follow-through
  6. Water knot
172
Q

An overhand safety knot is often called a ___

A

Safety

173
Q

An overhand safety knot can be used when tying ___

A

Any type of knot

174
Q

Eliminates the danger of the running end of the rope slipping back through the knot and causing the knot to fail

A

Overhand safety knot

175
Q

Principally used to attach a rope to an object such as a pole, post, or hoseline

A

Clove hitch

176
Q

A clove hitch is not appropriate for life safety applications because ___

A

Repeated loading and unloading will cause it to fail

177
Q

The foundation for an entire family of figure-8 knots is the ___

A

Figure-8

178
Q

Used primarily on life safety rope to tie ropes of equal diameters together

A

Figure-8 bend

179
Q

The figure-8 on a bight is a good way to tie a ___

A

Closed loop

180
Q

The figure-8 follow through is used for ___

A

Securing objects

181
Q

Preferred knot for joining two pieces of webbing or the ends of the same piece when a loop is needed

A

Water knot

182
Q

Because the water knot has a tendency to slip, ___

A

Dress the knot properly and have the webbing as flat as possible. Allow at least 3” of tail

183
Q

What does OSHA prohibit be hoisted?

A

Pressurized cylinders, such as SCBA cylinders

184
Q

Non-load-bearing and help tools from spinning or snagging while being hoisted

A

Tag line

185
Q

Firefighters on the ground use the ___ to prevent the equipment from striking the structure or other objects

A

Tag line

186
Q

Common hardware used in hoisting

A
  1. Carabiners
  2. Pulleys
187
Q

A snap link made from aluminum, titanium, or steel, with a spring or screwed gate that connects ropes to other mechanical gear

A

Carabiner

188
Q

A simple device used to create a mechanical advantage or a change in direction

A

Pulley

189
Q

A pulley consists of ___

A

A grooved wheel through which a rope can run to change the direction or point of application of a force applied to the rope

190
Q

When hoisting tools or equipment, the primary consideration is ___

A

Safety

191
Q

Be sure that you are ___ before starting a hoisting operation

A

Balanced and standing firmly

192
Q

How to handle rope when hoisting

A

Hand over hand

193
Q

Use ___ to protect the rope from physical damage when pulling it over sharp edges

A

An edge roller or padding

194
Q

Use a ___ for heavy objects

A

Pulley system

195
Q

Work in ___ when working from heights

A

Teams

196
Q

Avoid hoisting operations near ___

A

Electrical hazards

197
Q

Before hoisting a charged hoseline, ensure ___

A

The nozzle is secured

198
Q

Avoid hoisting tools and equipment if ___

A

It is safer to hand-carry them up stairs, a ladder, or an aerial device

199
Q

Hoist a pike pole with the pike ___

A

Up

200
Q

Hoisting an axe

A

The procedure is the same for either a pick-head or flat-head axe. Hoisting rope can also be the tag line

201
Q

Hoisting a pike pole

A

Tie a clove hitch near the butt end of the handle, followed by a half hitch in the middle of the handle, and another half hitch around the head

202
Q

Hoisting a ladder

A

Tie a figure-8 on a bight and slip it through the two rungs of the ladder, about 1/3 of the way from the top. Pull the loop through and slip it over the top of the ladder. Secure the tag line to the ladder near the foot

203
Q

It is safer to hoist ___ hoseline

A

Dry

204
Q

Hoisting a power saw

A

Tie a figure-8 on a bight through the closed handle, then attach the tag line through the handle

205
Q

Most common use of utility rope other than hoisting

A

Designating control zones, establishing a search lifeline, and stabilizing objects

206
Q

Uses of life safety rope

A
  1. Rappelling
  2. Lifting victims and rescuers
  3. Removing victims from ice and swift water situations
207
Q

Used to tie ropes used for establishing a control zone perimeter

A

Clove hitch

208
Q

___ has become popular for control zone perimeters

A

Polyvinyl barrier tape

209
Q

Used to assist search teams working in dark, smoke-filled, or confined spaced

A

Search lines

210
Q

Search lines allow team members to ___

A

Remain in contact with each other and with firefighters at the line’s entry point. Also provide a physical means of finding an exit route

211
Q

___ are sometimes attached to the main search line

A

Branch lines

212
Q

Branch lines allow team members to ___

A

Search larger areas away from the search line while still remaining in contact with the team

213
Q

Search lines can be useful when searching ___

A

Large open areas

214
Q

Sometimes used to stabilize an object

A

Utility rope and webbing

215
Q

Before any work is performed around a stabilized object, you must be certain that ___

A
  1. The rope or webbing and the anchor point are strong enough to hold the weight of the object
  2. Knots are tight and safety knots are in place
  3. Attachment points at both ends are secure and will not pull free
  4. Personnel are clear from the stabilizing line in case it breaks and snaps back

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