ROCK FORMATION, HISTORY OF THE EARTH, RELATIVE AND ABSOLUTE DATING

Question 1

are remains of organisms that lived
prior to the last glacial period about
10 000 years ago.

Answer 1

FOSSILS

Question 2

Fossils are usually seen in ______
rocks because as organisms die, their remains will sink at the
bottom and will eventually be covered with sediments

Answer 2

SEDIMENTARY

Question 3

The current geologic processes, such as volcanism, erosion, and weathering are the same processes that were at work in the past

Answer 3

Principle of Uniformitarianism

Question 4

➢ Branch of geology
➢ Deals with the description, correlation and
interpretation of stratified sediments and
stratified rocks on and within the earth
➢ Study of rock layers

Answer 4

STRATIGRAPHY

Question 5

The formation of sedimentary rock
layers is because of

Answer 5

STRATIFICATION

Question 6

is the study of these rock layers.

Answer 6

STRATIFICATION

Question 7

are used by geologist in conducting
relationship of rocks or rock layers

Answer 7

STRATIGRAPHIC LAWS

Question 8

The law states that layers of sediment were originally
deposited horizontally under the action of gravity. It suggests that all rock layers are originally laid down
(deposited) horizontally and can later be deformed.

Answer 8

Law of Original Horizontality

Question 9

Layers of sediments spread out in all directions until they thin out at the edge of the depositional basin or grade into a different kind of sediment.

Answer 9

Law of Lateral Continuity

Question 10

In an undisturbed stack of rock layers, the youngest layer is on top, and the oldest is at the bottom. Each layer is younger than the one below it and older than the one
above it.

Answer 10

Law of Superposition

Question 11

A rock mass that contains pieces of rocks called inclusions are younger than the other rock masses

Answer 11

Law of Inclusion

Question 12

This states that geologic features that cut across rocks are younger than the rocks which they cut through.

Answer 12

Principle of Cross-Cutting Relationship

Question 13

is the process of showing that rocks or geologic events occurring at different locations are of the same time age.

Answer 13

CORRELATION

Question 14

TYPES OF CORRELATION

Answer 14

Physical Correlation
Fossil Correlation

Question 15

Color, texture and types of minerals
contained within a stratum (layer)

Answer 15

Physical Correlation

Question 16

• fossils with unique characteristics such
  as life span and features
• estimate the age of the rocks or rock layer that
  contain the fossils

Answer 16

Fossil Correlation

Question 17

are remains of organisms that lived prior to the last glacial period about 10 000 years ago.

Answer 17

FOSSILS

Question 18

refers to the study that focuses on
stratified or layered rocks in terms of time and space.

Answer 18

Stratigraphy

Question 19

is the layering that occurs in most
sedimentary rocks.

Answer 19

Stratification

Question 20

is the chronology of the Earth’s formation, changes, development, and existence. These events are
measured on a geological time scale.

Answer 20

GEOLOGIC TIME

Question 21

Scientists do not measure geologic time on a clock or calendar. They use a _________ based on the age of rocks and their corresponding fossils as well as the change in life that occurred over millions of years.

Answer 21

LINEAR TIMELINE

Question 22

TRUE OR FALSE
Geologists have divided Earth’s history into a series of time
intervals. These time intervals are not equal in length like the
hours in a day. Instead, the time intervals vary in length. This is
because geologic time is divided using significant events in the
history of the Earth.

Answer 22

TRUE

Question 23

How do geologists come up with geologic time?

Answer 23

They are able to come up with the geologic time scale through absolute dating and relative dating techniques.

Question 24

How relative and absolute dating were used to determine the
subdivisions of geologic time?

Answer 24

To track down the events that took place in the Earth, geologists and paleontologists had turned their eyes on the rocks. In the 1800’s these scientists don’t know yet the ages of rocks, but one thing is sure they had fully understood relative
ages.

Question 25

________ enables them to determine the relative ages of rocks based on the stratigraphic principles. In this process, scientists do not determine the exact age of the
rock or the fossils in it. They determine which ones are older or
younger than others.

Answer 25

Relative Dating

Question 26

older rock layers contain only ____ fossils and younger rock layers may also contain _____ fossils.

Answer 26

reptile
mammal

Question 27

first step in creating the geologic time scale. It does not only show the order in which life on Earth changed but also how certain areas
changed over time with regards to climate or type of
environment

Answer 27

Ordering rock layers from oldest to youngest

Question 28

One example of an index fossil is _____. It was found out that trilobites existed during the Paleozoic era from middle
Cambrian period to the Permian period.

Answer 28

trilobite fossil

Question 29

is a process of correlating rock
layers of different location through the presence or absence of a
certain index fossil.

Answer 29

MATCHING

Question 30

The age of an unknown fossil could also be determined through the use of

Answer 30

index fossils

Question 31

had helped in determining geological history. They are able to tell us the relative age of rocks and even the age of unknown fossils

Answer 31

INDEX FOSSILS

Question 32

is the “calendar” for events in Earth’s history.

Answer 32

GEOLOGIC TIME SCALE (GTS)

Question 33

The enumeration of those geologic time units is based on

Answer 33

stratigraphy

Question 34

The index _____ forms that occur in the rocks provide the chief means of establishing a geologic time scale, with the timing of the emergence and disappearance of widespread ______ from the fossil record being used to ______ the
beginnings and endings of each unit of time in the GTS.

Answer 34

fossil
species
delineate

Question 35

GTS is subdivided into named
units of abstract time arranged in descending order of duration
namely ____, ____, _____, ____, and ____.

Answer 35

eons
eras
periods
epochs
ages

Question 36

longest period

Answer 36

EONS

Question 37

shortest period

Answer 37

AGES

Question 38

is the broadest category of geological time.

Answer 38

EON

Question 39

oldest to youngest Eons

Answer 39

Hadean,
Archean,
Proterozoic and Phanerozoic.
Hadean,
Archean and Proterozoic or Pre-Cambrian Eon

Question 40

We live during the _______, which means “visible life”. This is the
interval of geological time characterized by abundant, complex fossilized remains

Answer 40

Phanerozoic

Question 41

The smaller time interval that divides an EON. It is divided into three: Cenozoic, Mesozoic and Paleozoic. Very significant events in the earth’s history are used to determine the boundaries of the era.

Answer 41

Era

Question 42

eras are subdivided into units of time called

Answer 42

periods

Question 43

this is a time where there
is or no known living organism.

Answer 43

Pre-Cambrian Eon

Question 44

• formation of the solar system and its
  planets
• formation of early waters in the planet

Answer 44

Hadean

Question 45

*early bacteria and algae start to exist
*early oxygen was produced by prokaryotic
organisms which led to a build up in the atmosphere
*Oxygen Crisis

Answer 45

Archean