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G11 STEM - 1ST SEM > GEN BIO 1.3 > Flashcards

GEN BIO 1.3 Flashcards

1
Q

THE LIFE OF A CELL

A

CELL CYCLE

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2
Q

series of events that takes place in a cell as it grows and divides.

A

CELL CYCLE

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3
Q

Highly regulated process

A

CELL CYLE

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4
Q

TWO MAJOR PHASES OF CELL CYCLE

A

interphase and mitotic phase (M-phase)

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5
Q

cells undergoes normal growth processes and there is a replication of DNA and other organelles .

A

INTERPHASE

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6
Q

cell spends most of its
time

A

LONGEST PHASE

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7
Q

the cell is at rest but metabolically active

A

RESTING PHASE

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8
Q

The largest phase in which 95% of
growth occurs

A

INTERPHASE

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9
Q

This is the time between cell
divisions

A

INTERPHASE

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10
Q

The cell is growing, copying it’s
DNA and preparing for division

A

INTERPHASE

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11
Q

The copying of DNA is called

A

SYNTHESIS OR REPLICATION

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12
Q

Before the cell moves from interphase to mitotic phase, there is a series of cell _________ to ensure that every component of the cell must meet the needed requirements

A

CHECKPOINTS

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13
Q

THREE STAGES OF INTERPHASE

A
  • G1 (Gap1 Phase/ Growth 1 phase)
  • S (Synthesis Phase)
  • G2 (Gap2 Phase/ Growth 2 phase)
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14
Q

the cell increases in size, make new set of organelles, protein
synthesis

A

G1 PHASE

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15
Q

3 Major Checkpoints

A
  1. G1 checkpoint
  2. G2 checkpoint
  3. M-checkpoint
    (metaphase checkpoint
    or spindle checkpoint )
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16
Q

verify whether all the cellular activities are accurately completed at each stage of interphase

A

CELL CYCLE CHECKPOINTS

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17
Q

known as the restriction
point

A

CELL CYCLE CHECKPOINTS

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18
Q

is the main decision point for a cell – that is, the primary point at
which it must choose whether or not to divide.

A

G1 CHECKPOINT

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19
Q

first checkpoint which is located at the end of the cell cycle’s G1 phase

A

G1 CHECKPOINT

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20
Q

it is called a restriction point for animal cells and start point for yeast cells

A

G1 CHECKPOINT

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21
Q
  • cells’ size
  • nutrients
  • DNA integrity
  • molecular signals
A

G1 CHECKPOINT

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22
Q

many cells stop at this stage and enter a resting state called G0

A

G1 CHECKPOINT

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23
Q

longest and the most essential
stage of interphase

A

SYNTHESIS PHASE

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24
Q

The cell replicates its DNA

A

SYNTHESIS PHASE

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25
Q

The cell continues to grow
and synthesize proteins while preparing for cell division.

A

G2 PHASE

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26
Q

It also checks for any DNA damage and repairs it to ensure that the cell’s genetic material is intact and
ready for division

A

G2 PHASE

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27
Q

Reorganize cell organelles
and DNA condensation

A

G2 PHASE

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28
Q

determine state of pre-mitotic
cell

A

G2 CHECKPOINT

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29
Q

ensure that all the chromosomes have been replicated and that the
replicated DNA is not damaged

A

G2 CHECKPOINT

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30
Q

identify a replication faults

A

G2 Checkpoint

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31
Q

the cell prepares for division and
checks for errors

A

G2 Checkpoint

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32
Q

DNA integrity and DNA replication

A

G2 Checkpoint

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33
Q

If the checkpoint mechanisms detect problems with the DNA, the cell cycle is halted, and the cell attempts to either complete DNA replication or repair the damaged DNA.

A

TRUE

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34
Q

If damage cannot be repaired, _______ or programmed cell
death occurs to ensure that the damage DNA is not passed on the daughter cells and important in preventing cancer.

A

APOPTOSIS

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35
Q

the cell undergoes different stages
namely prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase. For every stage, there is a unique characteristic to distinguish one phase to another

A

MITOTIC PHASE

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36
Q

follows the mitosis phase, where
cytoplasm divides.

A

CYTOKINESIS

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37
Q

occurs near the end of the
metaphase stage of karyokinesis

A

M Checkpoint (metaphase checkpoint or spindle checkpoint)

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38
Q

ensure proper spindle assembly
and correct attachment to centromeres (prevents nondisjunction events)

A

M Checkpoint (metaphase checkpoint or spindle checkpoint)

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39
Q

If a chromosome is misplaced, the cell will pause mitosis,
allowing time for the spindle to
capture the stray chromosome.

A

M Checkpoint (metaphase checkpoint or spindle checkpoint)

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40
Q

It is a fundamental process to create life, occurring in all forms of it, ensuring the perpetuity of their existence, as well as growth,
tissue replacement/repair, and reproduction in multicellular organisms

A

CELL DIVISION

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41
Q

happens when a parent cell divides into two or more cells called daughter cells.

A

CELL DIVISION

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42
Q

Parent cells are diploid and make 2
daughter cells that are also diploid with their own new nuclei.

A

CELL DIVISION

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43
Q

________ means 2 of each chromosome: 2 (n)= 2 (23) = 46
chromosomes

A

DIPLOID

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44
Q

Living things grow because each cell increases in size.

A

FALSE because they grow by producing more cells

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45
Q

Cell division repairs damaged tissue

A

TRUE

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46
Q

If cell gets too big, it cannot get enough nutrients into the cell andwastes out ofthe cell

A

TRUE

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47
Q

located in the nucleus and controls all cell activities including cell
division

A

DNA

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48
Q

Long and thread-like DNA in
a non-dividing cell is called

A

chromatin

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49
Q

Doubled, coiled, short DNA
in a dividing cell is called

A

chromosome

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50
Q

Every organism has the same number of chromosomes.

A

FALSE because Every organism has its own specific number of
chromosomes.

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51
Q

All somatic (body) cells in an organism have the same kind and number of chromosomes

Examples:
* Human=46chromosomes
* Humanskincell =46 chromosomes
* Humanheart cell
* 46 chromosomes
* Human muscle cell = 46chromosomes

A

CHROMOSOME NUMBER

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52
Q

Many organisms, especially
unicellular organisms, reproduce
by means of cell division – called
asexual reproduction

A

BINARY FISSION

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53
Q

occurs in all the somatic (body) cells and is the process by which a single cell divides into two

A

MITOSIS (KARYOKINESIS)

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54
Q

Who discovered Mitosis?

A

Walther Flemming

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55
Q

Function:Growth and Repair, Cell reproduction

A

MITOSIS

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56
Q

phases of cell cycle

I Peed on the MAT. See?

A

Interphase > Prophase > Metaphase > Anaphase >Telophase > Cytokinesis

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57
Q

STAGES OF MITOSIS

A
  1. Early Prophase
  2. Mid Prophase
  3. Late Prophase
  4. Metaphase
  5. Anaphase
  6. Telophase
  7. Cytokinesis
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58
Q

Centrioles move to each pole of
the cell

A

EARLY PROPHASE

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59
Q

Chromosomes appear as long,
thin threads

A

EARLY PROPHASE

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60
Q

The nucleolus becomes less
distinct

A

EARLY PROPHASE

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61
Q

The nuclear membrane is still
visible

A

EARLY PROPHASE

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62
Q

Centrioles begin to organize
spindle fiber

A

MID PROPHASE

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63
Q

Sister chromatids are formed with a centromere as their point of attachment

A

MID PROPHASE

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64
Q

Centrioles are nearly at the
opposite sides of the nucleus

A

LATE PROPHASE

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65
Q

The nuclear membrane slowly
disintegrates

A

LATE PROPHASE

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66
Q

Chromosomes move toward the
equator

A

LATE PROPHASE

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67
Q

the chromatin in the nucleus condenses and coiled up into visible chromosomes, which become visible under a microscope.

A

MITOSIS: PROPHASE

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68
Q

The centrosome duplicates, and each one moves to one of the cell’s ends, where spindle fibers are formed.

A

MITOSIS: PROPHASE

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69
Q

Chromosomes can be seen as two
chromatids, inthe shape of an β€œX”

A

PROPHASE

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70
Q

Nuclear envelope dissolves

A

PROPHASE

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71
Q

Centrioles are present with some
spindle fibers

A

PROPHASE

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72
Q

46 chromosomes

A

PROPHASE

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73
Q

The nuclear envelope /membrane breaks down, allowing the spindle fibers to attach to the chromosomes.

A

MITOSIS: PROPHASE

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74
Q

Chromosomes line up in middle of cell

A

MITOSIS: METAPHASE

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75
Q

Spindle fibers connect to chromosomes

A

MITOSIS: METAPHASE

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76
Q

The nuclear membrane has completely disappeared

A

MITOSIS: METAPHASE

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77
Q

The centromere of each double-stranded chromosome is attached to a spindle fiber at equator

A

MITOSIS: METAPHASE

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78
Q

Centrioles are already at opposite ends of the poles

A

MITOSIS: METAPHASE

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79
Q

The chromosomes line up at the center of the cell forming the metaphase plate

A

MITOSIS: METAPHASE

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80
Q

Chromosomes line up in the middle

A

METAPHASE

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81
Q

Nuclear envelope is gone (no
nucleus)

A

METAPHASE

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82
Q

Spindle fibers (on opposite poles)
are stretching towards the chromosomes

A

METAPHASE

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83
Q

46 chromosomes

A

METAPHASE

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84
Q

Chromosome copies divide and
moves to the opposite pole

A

MITOSIS: ANAPHASE

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85
Q

Spindle fibers pull chromosomes to
opposite poles

A

MITOSIS: ANAPHASE

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86
Q

Sister chromatids start to move
toward the poles, seemingly being
pulled by the thread or fibers

A

MITOSIS: ANAPHASE

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87
Q

Spindle fibers pull chromosomes
towards the separate poles

A

ANAPHASE

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88
Q

Chromosomes are split in HALF

A

ANAPHASE

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89
Q

Sister chromatids are now their OWN chromosome

A

ANAPHASE

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90
Q

The cell elongates due to action of the spindle fibers

A

ANAPHASE

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91
Q

92 chromosomes

A

ANAPHASE

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92
Q

Chromosomes uncoil

A

MITOSIS: TELOPHASE

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93
Q

Nuclear envelopes form

A

MITOSIS: TELOPHASE

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94
Q

2 new nuclei are formed

A

MITOSIS: TELOPHASE

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95
Q

Spindle fibers disappear

A

MITOSIS: TELOPHASE

96
Q

Daughter chromosomes arrive at
the poles.

A

MITOSIS: TELOPHASE

97
Q

The nuclear envelope reforms
around each set of chromosomes
(so daughter cells each have one)
and chromosomes straighten out
(uncoil)

A

TELOPHASE

98
Q

Spindle fibers are gone

A

TELOPHASE

99
Q

Cleavage furrow is forming
between the cells

A

TELOPHASE

100
Q

46 chromosome

A

TELOPHASE

101
Q

Final step in the Cell Cycle

A

CYTOKINESIS

102
Q

Actually means β€œcell moving”

A

CYTOKINESIS

103
Q

The final pinching of the cell
into two complete identical
cells!

A

CYTOKINESIS

104
Q

1 parent cell produced 2 daughter cells that are genetically identical

A

CYTOKINESIS

105
Q

Chromosome Appearance & Location

DNA copies itself; chromatin

A

INTERPHASE

106
Q

Important Events

DNA replication, cell grows and
replicates organelles

A

INTERPHASE

107
Q

Chromosome Appearance & Location

Chromosomes coil up

A

PROPHASE

108
Q

Important Events

Nuclear envelope disappears, spindle fibers form

A

PROPHASE

109
Q

Chromosome Appearance
& Location

Chromosomes line up in the
middle

A

METAPHASE

110
Q

Important Events

Spindle fibers connect to
chromosomes

A

METAPHASE

111
Q

Chromosome Appearance
& Location

Chromosome copies divide
and move apart

A

ANAPHASE

112
Q

Important Events

Spindle fibers pull chromosome copies apart to opposite poles

A

ANAPHASE

113
Q

Chromosome Appearance & Location

Chromosomes uncoil back
into chromatin

A

TELOPHASE

114
Q

Important Events

Nuclear envelopes reform, 2 new nuclei are formed, spindle fibers disappear

A

TELOPHASE

115
Q

Chromosome Appearance & Location

Chromatin

A

CYTOKINESIS

116
Q

Important Events

Division of the rest of the cell:
cytoplasm and organelles

A

CYTOKINESIS

117
Q

The process of mitosis occurs in ______ from one cell to another.

A

VARIATION

118
Q

They divide out of control forming growth that gives rise to tumors. Therapy restores checkpoint function and prevents uncontrolled cell growth in cancer cells.

A

CANCER CELLS

119
Q

If certain enzymes and genes tell the cell cycle to begin too rapidly (proliferate), cell division becomes out of control (excessive
mitosis)

A

CANCER

120
Q

When a _______ occurs,the cell loses a control to divide which leads to
development of cancer cells and eventually become disorder or
diseases

A

MUTATION

121
Q

is a result from a pathophysiological response to external or internal factors.

A

DISEASE

122
Q

is the gain or loss of whole chromosomes.It is the most common chromosome abnormality

A

ANEUPLOIDY

123
Q

is disruption of the disease to the normal or regular functions in the body or a part of the body.

A

DISORDER

124
Q

Disorder can be classified into

A

MENTAL
PHYSICAL
GENETIC
EMOTIONAL
BEHAVIORAL
STRUCTURAL

125
Q

is a term that refers to a disease or a disorder that has more than one identifying feature or symptom

A

SYNDROME

126
Q

is a well-known genetic syndrome.

A

DOWN SYNDROME

127
Q

Medical syndromes can be caused by___________ or _____________.

A

GENETIC MUTATIONS OR OTHER FACTORS

128
Q

is an abnormal state of health that interferes with the usual activities or feeling of wellbeing

A

CONDITION

129
Q

is a disease that occurs when the cell cycle is no longer regulated. This may happen because a cell’s DNA becomes damaged.

A

CANCER

130
Q

Cancerous cells generally
divide much faster than normal cells.

A

TRUE

131
Q

are named for the area in which they begin and the type of cell they are made of, even if they spread to other parts of the body.

A

CANCERS

132
Q

TYPES OF CANCER CELLS

A

CARCINOMA
SARCOMA
LEUKEMIA

133
Q

is a cancer that starts in the skin or the tissues thatline other organs.

A

CARCINOMA

134
Q

is a cancer of connective tissues such as bones, muscles, cartilage, and blood vessels.

A

SARCOMA

135
Q

is a cancer of bone marrow, which
creates blood cells.

A

LEUKEMIA

136
Q

failure of the chromosomes to separate, which produces daughter cells with abnormal numbers of
chromosomes.

A

NON-DISJUNCTION

137
Q

Also known as trisomy 21

A

DOWN SYNDROME

138
Q

flattened skull, pronounced folds of skin in the inner corners of the eyes, large tongue, and short stature,

A

DOWN SYNDROME

139
Q

Also known as trisomy13

A

PATAU SYNDROME

140
Q

The extra 13th chromosome
causes severe mental and physical
problems.

A

PATAU SYNDROME

141
Q

Also known as trisomy 18

A

EDWARD SYNDROME

142
Q

genetic condition that causes physical growth delays during fetal
development.

A

EDWARD SYNDROME

143
Q

is a genetic condition that results when a boy is born with an extra copy of the X chromosome

A

KLINEFELTER

144
Q

may adversely affect testicular growth, resulting in smaller than normal testicles, which can lead to lower production of testosterone. The syndrome may also cause reduced muscle mass, reduced
body and facial hair, and enlarged breast tissue. Men with this syndrome produce little or no sperm,

A

KLINEFELTER SYNDROME, XXY

145
Q

occurs when one of the
X chromosomes is missing, either partially or completely

A

TURNER SYNDROME

146
Q

often causes short stature, typically noticeable by age 5.

A

TURNER SYNDROME, XO

147
Q

It usually doesn’t affect intelligence but can lead to developmental delays especially with calculations and memory. Heart problems are common, too. While TS can
somewhat shorten life expectancy,
screening for and treating known related conditions helps protect health.

A

TURNER SYNDROME, XO

148
Q

Due to deletion of the terminal portion of chromosome 11q

A

PARISS-TROUSSEAU SYNDROME

149
Q

cell division process where a single
(parent) cell divides twice to produce four independent (daughter) cells, each having half the chromosomes as the
original cell.

A

MEIOSIS

150
Q

came from the Greek
word _______, meaning β€˜lessening’

A

MEIOSIS

151
Q

Discovered by Oscar Hertwig

A

MEIOSIS

152
Q

takes place only in the reproductive cell types (sperm and egg
cells) of sexually reproducing organisms, including humans.

A

MEIOSIS

153
Q

For a cell to undergo this cell division, it must have a diploid (2n) chromosome number.

A

MEIOSIS

154
Q

Meiosis involves two successive stages or phases of cell
division __________ and _________

A

MEIOSIS I AND MEIOSIS II

155
Q

Each stage includes a period of nuclear division or karyokinesis and a cytoplasmic division or cytokinesis

A

MEIOSIS

156
Q

Although not a part of meiosis, the cells before entering meiosis I undergo a compulsory growth period called

A

INTERPHASE

157
Q

PHASES OF MEIOSIS

A

MEIOSIS I
*Interphase I
*Prophase I
*Metaphase I
*Anaphase I
*Telophase I
*Cytokinesis I

MEIOSIS II
*Prophase II
*Metaphase II
*Anaphase II
*Telophase II
*Cytokinesis I

158
Q

*Cell builds up energy
*DNA replicate
*Cell does not change
structurally
*Identical to
Interphase of Mitosis

A

INTERPHASE I

159
Q
  • longest phase of meiotic division
  • most of the significant processes
    of Meiosis occur here.
  • The duplicated chromosomes
    condense, resembling an X-shaped
    structure with two sister chromatids that become distinctly visible within the nucleus.
A

PROPHASE I

160
Q

The homologous chromosome pair
(one inherited from each parent)
comes closer (create synapsis) and
associate along the entire chromosome length, forming a
tetrad. Each tetrad is composed of
four chromatids

A

PROPHASE I

161
Q

Homologous chromosomes
exchange parts of DNA with each
other; this process is known as
crossing over

A

PROPHASE I

162
Q

The points of physical contact
from which the genetic materials are exchanged are known as chiasmata.

A

PROPHASE I

163
Q
  • breakdown of the nuclear
    envelope
  • Centrioles form and move
    toward the opposite pole
A

PROPHASE I

164
Q

exchange of genes between separate (non-sister) chromatids on homologous chromosomes

A

CROSSING OVER

165
Q

leads to genetic recombination, which increases genetic diversity by producing new combinations of alleles in the resulting gametes (sperm or eggs).

A

CROSSING OVER

166
Q

Homologous chromosomes
(bivalents) align along the
center of the cell

A

METAPHASE I

167
Q

The centrioles reach the opposite poles of the cell with the spindle fibers extending from them.

A

METAPHASE I

168
Q

Homologous chromosomes separate because of the
contraction of the spindle
fibers

A

ANAPHASE I

169
Q

homologous chromosomes
start to migrate to the opposite poles.

A

ANAPHASE I

170
Q

The chromosomes stop migrating (already at the pole) with each pole
containing a haploid number
of chromosomes.

A

TELOPHASE I

171
Q

The nuclear envelope is formed, spindle fibers disappear and the chromosomes uncoil

A

TELOPHASE I

172
Q

It involves the division of the cytoplasm to produce two
individual daughter cells each
with half the number of
chromosomes as the parent
cell (having 23 chromosomes
having 23 pairs of chromatids).

A

CYTOKINESIS I

173
Q

Meiosis is thus also called the
reduction division.

A

CYTOKINESIS I

174
Q

The nuclear membrane initiates to break down, and the spindle fibers appear again.

A

PROPHASE II

175
Q

Each centrosome divides,
forming two pairs of centrioles

A

PROPHASE II

176
Q

Chromatin condense into chromosome

A

PROPHASE II

177
Q

Chromosomes arrange on the
equator of the cell with the help of
the spindle fibers.

A

METAPHASE II

178
Q

The centrioles are now at opposite
poles in each of the daughter cells

A

METAPHASE II

179
Q

Centromere divides, producing two
sister chromatids, now known as
daughter chromosomes, with the
spindle fibers attached to each
chromosome.

A

METAPHASE II

180
Q

daughter chromosomes are
pulled towards the opposite
poles the help of the spindle
fibers

A

ANAPHASE II

181
Q

each end of the cell contains
a complete set of chromosomes

A

ANAPHASE II

182
Q
  • Nuclear membrane forms
  • Disappearance of the spindle fibers
  • Nucleolus reappears
  • Daughter chromosomes arrive at
    the poles.
A

TELOPHASE II

183
Q
  • Identical to cytokinesis I
  • involving the second cytoplasm
    division, resulting in the
    formation of two individual
    daughter cells
A

CYTOKINESIS II

184
Q

Thus at the end of meiosis II, ____ non-identical, ______ daughter cells are formed, each having ____ chromosome number

A

FOUR
HAPLOID
HALF

185
Q

MEIOSIS I OR MEIOSIS II?

In ___________, a pair of homologous chromosomes separate to produce two diploid daughter cells, each
having half the number of chromosomes as the parent
cell.

A

MEIOSIS I

186
Q

MEIOSIS I OR MEIOSIS II?

sister chromatids separate
to produce four haploid daughter cells. There is no genetic recombination by crossing over
occurs in ________.

A

MEIOSIS II

187
Q

collection of mechanisms that
regulate the passage of solutes
such as ions and small molecules through cell/plasma membranes, which are lipid bilayers that contain proteins embedded in them

A

MEMBRANE TRANSPORT

188
Q

The regulation of passage
through the membrane is due to
selective membrane permeability (semi-permeable)

A

MEMBRANE TRANSPORT

189
Q

a characteristic of biological
membranes which allows them
to separate substances of
distinct chemical nature. In
other words, they can be
permeable to certain substances but not to others

A

MEMBRANE TRANSPORT

190
Q

What if plasma membrane lost its
selective permeability?

A

The cell would have difficulty regulating the movement of
substances in and out, leading to problems with maintaining homeostasis and proper cellular function

191
Q

process by which a cell or organism
maintains a stable internal environment despite changes in external conditions.

A

HOMEOSTASIS

192
Q

THERE ARE TWO MAJOR WAYS IN WHICH MOLECULES OR PARTICLES CAN MOVE ACROSS A MEMBRANE

A

PASSIVE TRANSPORT
ACTIVE TRANSPORT

193
Q

occurs when substances cross
the plasma membrane without
any input of energy from the cell.

A

PASSIVE TRANSPORT

194
Q

Substances are moving from an
area where they have a higher
concentration to an area where
they have a lower concentration.

  • It follows concentration gradient
A

PASSIVE TRANSPORT

195
Q

3 TYPES OF PASSIVE TRANSPORT

A
  • DIFFUSION
  • FACILITATED DIFUSSION
  • OSMOSIS
196
Q
  • random movement of
    particles of a solute from a
    region of high concentration
    to low concentration
A

DIFFUSION

197
Q

THREE MAIN FACTORS AFFECTING
THE RATE OF DIFFUSION

A
  • concentration gradient
  • temperature
  • pressure
198
Q

The higher the concentration,
temperature, and pressure, the
faster the rate of diffusion.

A

TRUE

199
Q

Movement of the specific particles through specific carrier/ transport proteins situated in the

A

FACILITATED DIFFUSION

200
Q

TYPES OF TRANSPORT PROTEIN

A
  1. CHANNEL PROTEINS
  2. CARRIER/TRANSPORT PROTEINS
201
Q

These proteins form channels
or pores within the membrane, allowing ions or small polar molecules to move through them

A

CHANNEL PROTEINS

202
Q

An example of a channel protein is
the ________, which facilitates
the movement of water molecules
across the membrane

A

AQUAPORIN

203
Q

bind to specific molecules on
one side of the membrane and
undergo a conformational
change to transport the
molecule across the membrane
to the other side

A

CARRIER/TRANSPORTER PROTEINS

204
Q

TYPE OF TRANSPORT PROTEIN

A

GLUCOSE TRANSPORTERS (GLUT PROTEINS)

205
Q

What will happen if GLUT proteins
malfunction?

A

A malfunction in the carrier proteins responsible for glucose transport would limit the cell’s ability to take in
glucose, reducing the energy available for cellular processes and negatively impacting metabolism.

206
Q
  • diffusion of water across a
    selectively permeable membrane
  • Water diffuses across a
    membrane from the region of
    lower solute concentration to the
    region of higher solute
    concentration until the solute
    concentration is equal on both
    sides.
A

OSMOSIS

207
Q

vital to plant and animal cell
survival.

A

OSMOSIS

208
Q

ability of a solution to cause a cell to gain or lose water

A

TONICITY

209
Q

3 CLASSIFICATION OF TONICITY

A

*Hypotonic
*Hypertonic
*Isotonic

210
Q
  • The concentration of solutes
    outside the cell is LESS than the
    concentration solutes inside the
    cell, thus water enters the cell.
  • Effects: Swell, burst, turgid,
    cytolysis
A

HYPOTONIC

211
Q

The concentration of solutes
outside the cell is GREATER
than the concentration solutes
inside the cell, thus water
leaves the cell.

  • Effects: Shrink, Shrivel,
    Plasmolysis
A

HYPERTONIC

212
Q

The concentration of solutes outside the cell is EQUAL to the concentration of solutes inside the cell, water moves
equally in both direction.

  • Effect: Normal, no change,
    equilibrium
A

ISOTONIC

213
Q

Is having more aquaporins better
considering osmosis?

A

Having more aquaporins generally improves the efficiency of osmosis. Aquaporins facilitate faster and more effective water movement across the cell membrane, helping the cell better regulate its water balance and adapt to changing
conditions

214
Q

Cell use energy (with utilization of ATP or, in some cases, the electrochemical gradient created by ATPdriven pumps.

A

ACTIVE TRANSPORT

215
Q

Movement of molecules from an area of low concentration to an area of high concentration (against
the concentration gradient)

A

ACTIVE TRANSPORT

216
Q

2 TYPES OF ACTIVE TRANSPORT

A
  1. Primary Active Transport
  2. Secondary Active Transport
217
Q

energy is DIRECTLY used to
transport molecules or ions
against their concentration
gradient.

A

PRIMARY ACTIVE TRANSPORT

218
Q

typically achieved by
transmembrane proteins known
as pumps.

A

PRIMARY ACTIVE TRANSPORT

219
Q

which actively transports sodium ions (Na+) out of the cell and potassium ions (K+) into the
cell. The pump uses energy from
the hydrolysis of ATP to move
these ions against their concentration gradients, maintaining the proper ion
balance and electrical potential
across the cell membrane

A

PRIMARY ACTIVE TRANSPORT

220
Q

relies on the energy established
by primary active transport
(usually through the Na+/K+
pump) to transport other
molecules or ions.

A

SECONDARY ACTIVE TRANSPORT

221
Q

TWO MAIN TYPES OF SECONDARY ACTIVE TRANSPORT

A

β–ͺ Symport (Cotransport)
β–ͺ Antiport (Counter
transport)

222
Q

molecules or ions are transported in
the same direction across the
membrane. One molecule is moved
against its gradient while the other is moved with its gradient

A

Symport (Cotransport)

223
Q

the sodium-glucose
cotransporter (SGLT) uses the
energy created by the sodium
gradient to transport glucose into
the cell against its concentration
gradient

A

SYMPORT (COTRANSPORT)

224
Q

molecules or ions are transported
in opposite directions across the
membrane. As one molecule is
transported against its gradient
into the cell, another molecule is
transported out of the cell with its
gradient.

A

Antiport (Counter Transport)

225
Q

The sodium-calcium exchanger
(NCX) is an example of an antiport
protein that uses the sodium
gradient to exchange sodium ions
for calcium ion

A

ANTIPORT (COUNTER TRANSPORT)

226
Q

process by which large quantities of
materials, molecules, or even entire
structures are transported into or out of a cell through various cellular
mechanisms.

A

BULK TRANSPORT

227
Q

plays a vital role in moving
macromolecules, organelles, and other large substances within and between cells.

A

BULK TRANSPORT

228
Q

BULK TRANSPORT 2 TYPES

A

Endocytosis and Exocytosis

229
Q

process by which a cell takes in
large particles or substances from
its external environment by
enclosing them in a vesicle
formed from the cell membrane.

A

ENDOCYTOSIS

230
Q

3 TYPES OF ENDOCYTOSIS

A

PHAGOCYTOSIS
PINOCYTOSIS
RECEPTOR-MEDIATED ENDOCYTOSIS

231
Q
  • Cell eating
  • cells engulf solid
    particles thru extending pseudopods
A

PHAGOCYTOSIS

232
Q
  • Cell drinking
  • involves the non-selective
    uptake of small droplets of
    extracellular fluid containing
    dissolved solutes.
A

PINOCYTOSIS

233
Q

specific molecules, usually
ligands, bind to receptor
proteins on the cell surface

A

RECEPTOR-MEDIATED ENDOCYTOSIS

234
Q

essential for the uptake of
various molecules, including
hormones, enzymes, and
cholesterol

A

RECEPTOR-MEDIATED ENDOCYTOSIS

235
Q

release of large molecules or
substances from a cell into the
extracellular space. This is typically
accomplished by merging secretory
vesicles containing the materials with the cell membrane, allowing their contents to be expelled outside the cell.

A

EXOCYTOSIS

236
Q

*is crucial for the secretion of various substances

A

EXOCYTOSIS

G11 STEM - 1ST SEM (15 decks)

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