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G11 STEM - 1ST SEM > ESCI - ROCK BEHAVIORS, PLATE MOVEMENTS, SEAFLOOR SPREADING > Flashcards

ESCI - ROCK BEHAVIORS, PLATE MOVEMENTS, SEAFLOOR SPREADING Flashcards

1
Q

is a naturally occurring
substance that is an aggregate
of different minerals
that had been fused together.

A

ROCKS

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2
Q

THREE MAIN TYPES OF STRESS

A

TENSIONAL STRESS
COMPRESSIONAL STRESS
SHEAR STRESS

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3
Q

Causes rocks to be pulled apart that result to lengthening and break apart. This type of stress can be found at divergent plate boundaries.

A

TENSIONAL STRESS

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4
Q

Involves forces pulling in opposite directions, which can result in strain that stretches and thins rock

A

TENSIONAL STRESS

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5
Q

Causes rocks to fold or
fracture. It squeezes rocks
together. It is the most common type of stress in convergent
plate boundaries.

A

COMPRESSIONAL STRESS

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6
Q

when two plates are pushing toward each other - squeezes rock causing it to fold or break

A

COMPRESSION

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7
Q

Happens when forces slide
pass each other in opposite
direction which results to
slippage and translation. This
is the most common stress found in
transform plate boundaries.

A

SHEAR STRESS

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8
Q

involves transverse force; the strain shows up as opposing blocks or regions of material moving past each other.

A

SHEAR STRESS

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9
Q

formed when rocks experienced compressive stress and deformed plastically. It causes bending of rocks.

A

GEOLOGIC STRUCTURES

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10
Q

three types of folds:

A

MONOCLINES, ANTICLINES, SYNCLINES

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11
Q

A simple bend in the rock layers where the oldest rocks are at
the bottom and the youngest are at the top.

A

MONOCLINE

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12
Q

W is a fold that arches upward where the oldest rocks are found at
the center of an anticline. The youngest rocks are covered over them at the top of the structure..

A

ANTICLINE

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13
Q

Is a fold that bends downward
which rocks are curved down to a center. .

A

SYNCLINE

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14
Q

A rock under ample stress can
crack, or fracture. The fracture is
called a joint because there is a
block of rock left standing on
either side of a fracture line.

A

FAULTS

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15
Q

is the rock that place on top the fault

A

FOOTWALL

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16
Q

is below the fault.

A

HANGING WALL

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17
Q

TYPES OF FAULTS

A

NORMAL FAULT
REVERSE FAULT
STRIKE SLIP FAULT

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18
Q

A dip-slip fault in which the
block above the fault has
moved downward relative to
the block below.

A

NORMAL FAULT

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19
Q

Are the most common faults at
divergent boundaries. In relation
to the footwall, it develops as the
hanging wall drops down. East
African Rift is one of the examples
of this type of fault.

A

NORMAL FAULT

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20
Q

Is one in which one side of the fault,
the hanging wall, moves up and over the other side, the foot wall. This movement is caused by compression and is common at tectonic plate boundaries.

A

REVERSE FAULT

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21
Q

is a reverse fault that is at an incline of less than 45 degrees.

A

THRUST FAULT

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22
Q

Most common at the convergent boundaries. It forms when the hanging wall moves up. It
creates the world’s highest mountain ranges such as Himalayas Mountains and Rocky Mountains.

A

REVERSE FAULT

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23
Q

Type of faults formed when the walls move sideways. It can be either right lateral or left lateral. It is mostly common on transform plate boundaries. The most popular example of this type is San
Andreas Fault.

A

STRIKE-SLIP FAULT

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24
Q

is caused by a build-up
of stress that is released when two rocks slide past one another.

A

STRIKE SLIP FAULT

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25
Q

a simple bend on the rock layers

A

MONOCLINES

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26
Q

formed when rocks experienced compressive stress and deformed plastically

A

FOLD

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27
Q

A bend that arches upward

A

ANTICLINES

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28
Q

A rock fracture or cracks due to stress

A

FAULTS

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29
Q

The most common faults at divergent plate boundaries

A

NORMAL FAULTS

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30
Q

this fault can be found on convergent boundaries

A

REVERSE FAULTS

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31
Q

It formed when the walls move sideways

A

STRIKE SLIP FAULTS

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32
Q

An example of mountain range

A

HIMALAYAS

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33
Q

The type of fault common on transform plate boundaries

A

STRIKE SLIP FAULTS

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34
Q

An example of fault at divergent plate boundaries

A

EAST AFRICAN RIFT

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35
Q

TENSIONAL, COMPRESSIONAL OR SHEAR STRESS?

It causes rocks to fold or fracture.

A

COMPRESSIONAL STRESS

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36
Q

TENSIONAL, COMPRESSIONAL OR SHEAR STRESS?

It causes rocks to be pulled apart.

A

TENSIONAL STRESS

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37
Q

TENSIONAL, COMPRESSIONAL OR SHEAR STRESS?

The common type of stress found on divergent plate boundaries.

A

TENSIONAL STRESS

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38
Q

TENSIONAL, COMPRESSIONAL OR SHEAR STRESS?

This stress on rocks results to slippage and translation of walls.

A

SHEAR STRESS

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39
Q

TENSIONAL, COMPRESSIONAL OR SHEAR STRESS?

It occurs on convergent plate boundaries.

A

COMPRESSIONAL STRESS

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40
Q

TENSIONAL, COMPRESSIONAL OR SHEAR STRESS?

It causes rocks to lengthen and break apart

A

TENSIONAL STRESS

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41
Q

TENSIONAL, COMPRESSIONAL OR SHEAR STRESS?

This type of stress squeezes rocks together.

A

COMPRESSIONAL STRESS

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42
Q

TENSIONAL, COMPRESSIONAL OR SHEAR STRESS?

It commonly occurs in transform plate boundaries.

A

SHEAR STRESS

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43
Q

TENSIONAL, COMPRESSIONAL OR SHEAR STRESS?

It happens when the dominant force is directed away from each
other.

A

TENSIONAL STRESS

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44
Q

TENSIONAL, COMPRESSIONAL OR SHEAR STRESS?

It develops when the forces are directed towards each other but
not along the same axis.

A

SHEAR STRESS

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45
Q

FACT OR BLUFF?

The Earth’s crust is divided into large plates that float on the semi-fluid mantle.

A

FACT

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46
Q

FACT OR BLUFF?

Earthquakes and volcanic activity are often associated with tectonic plate boundaries.

A

FACT

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47
Q

FACT OR BLUFF?

Tectonic plates only move horizontally, never vertically..

A

BLUFF - they can move both horizontally and vertically, especially in convergent boundaries

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48
Q

FACT OR BLUFF?

The Himalayas were formed by the collision of the Indian Plate and the Eurasian Plate..

A

FACT

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49
Q

FACT OR BLUFF?

Divergent boundaries create mid-ocean ridges where new crust is formed.

A

FACT

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50
Q

FACT OR BLUFF?

All tectonic plates are the same thickness.

A

BLUFF - they vary in thickness, with continental plates thicker than oceanic plates

51
Q

FACT OR BLUFF?

Tectonic activity is one of the main drivers of the rock cycle..

A

FACT

52
Q

FACT OR BLUFF?

Tectonic plates can move in three ways: toward each other, away from each other, or alongside each other.

A

FACT

53
Q

FACT OR BLUFF?

Mountains can form at both convergent and divergent plate boundaries.

A

BLUFF - mountains mainly form at convergent boundaries, while divergent boundaries often create ridges and valleys

54
Q

FACT OR BLUFF?

Plate tectonics helps explain the distribution of fossils and similar species on distant continents.

A

FACT

55
Q

According to the theory of plate tectonics

The Earth is divided into plates

  • Plates are like slabs on the surface of the Earth’s shell or ________
  • All of our land and water sit on these _____.
  • These plates are constantly in ______.
A

LITHOSPHERE
PLATES
MOTION

56
Q

The Earth’s plates move around the planet’s surface at the rate of a ____________ every year!

A

FEW CENTIMETERS

57
Q

THREE BOUNDARIES CREATED AS THE PLATES MOVE

A

CONVERGENT
DIVERGENT
TRANSFORM

58
Q

Converge = ___________

A

TO COME TOGETHER

59
Q

_______ boundaries occur when plates move towards one another.

A

CONVERGENT

60
Q

Around 55 million years ago, two large landmasses, India and Eurasia, collided with each other, resulting in the Himalayas. This is called ______________ convergence.

A

CONTINENTAL-CONTINENTAL

61
Q

Sometimes, one plate dives beneath the other. This is called an __________ convergence, and results in the formation of deep trenches like the Mariana Trench.

A

OCEAN-OCEAN

62
Q

Diverge =

A

MOVE AWAY OR EXTEND IN DIFFERENT DIRECTIONS

63
Q

_________ boundaries occur when two tectonic plates move away from each other.

A

DIVERGENT

64
Q

When two lithospheric plates are spread apart, it is common for new crust to form as molten material rises to the surface. The __________ is formed in this process.

A

MID-ATLANTIC RIDGE

65
Q

Transform =

A

to change

66
Q

___________ boundaries grind past each other without going up or down.

A

TRANSFORM

67
Q

Transform plate boundaries are capable of triggering devastating earthquakes. A famous example is the _____________ in California.

A

SAN ANDREAS FAULT

68
Q

teaches us that plates are constantly shifting

A

PLATE TECTONICS

69
Q

are where sections of the Earth’s crust fit together

A

PLATE BOUNDARIES

70
Q

3 TYPES OF BOUNDARIES

A

convergent, divergent, and transform

71
Q

a device that bounces sound waves off underwater objects and then record the echoes of these sound waves

A

SONAR

72
Q

the tallest mountain and deepest canyons are found on the_________ ; far taller and deeper than any landforms found on the continents.

A

OCEAN FLOOR

73
Q

During World War II, using the _________ that were attached to ships scientists discovered a lot about the magnetic properties of the seafloor.

A

MAGNETOMETERS

74
Q

TRUE OR FALSE

Geologists say that polarity is normal when the north and south are aligned while when they are in the opposite position, the polarity is reversed

A

TRUE

75
Q

They found that _______ _______ in the seafloor was normal at mid-ocean ridges but reversed in symmetrical patterns away from the ridge center.

A

MAGNETIC POLARITY

76
Q

Different features of seafloor

A

CONTINENTAL SHELF CONTINENTAL SLOPE
ABYSSAL PLAIN
MID-OCEANIC RIDGE
SEAMOUNT
TRENCH

77
Q

In 1960, the American geophysicist, ____________ explained how the convection currents in the Earth’s interior make the seafloor spread.

A

HARRY HESS

78
Q

_________carry heat from the molten materials in the mantle and core towards
the lithosphere. These current ensures that the β€œrecycled” materials formed in the lithosphere were back to the
mantle.

A

CONVECTION CURRENT

79
Q

In this recycling process which was later named as _____________, the magma moves up from the mantle and erupts as pillow lava. This forms new _______ at the ridge. Then, as new oceanic crust form, it pushes the older crust aside.

A

SEAFLOOR SPREADING
OCEANIC CRUST

80
Q

TRUE OR FALSE

This means that the nearer the ocean floor to the oceanic ridge, the older it is compared to the
ones farther from the ridge.

A

FALSE - the oceanic floor near the oceanic ridge are YOUNGER

81
Q

This crust eventually subducts at the deep ________ and melts back into the mantle. Then the seafloor spreading continues as a β€œrecycling” process.

A

OCEAN TRENCHES

82
Q

three evidence that support the idea that seafloor is continuously spreading.

A

(a.) Evidence from molten materials
(b.) Evidence from magnetic strip
(c.) Evidence from drilling sample

83
Q

rocks shaped like pillows (rock pillows) show that molten materials have erupted again and again from cracks along the mid ocean ridge and cooled quickly.

A

Evidence from molten materials

84
Q

rocks that make up the ocean floor lie in a pattern of magnetized stripes which hold a record of the reversals in magnetic field

A

Evidence from magnetic strip

85
Q

core samples from the ocean floor show that older rocks are found farther from the ridge; youngest rocks are in the mid-ocean ridge

A

Evidence from drilling sample

86
Q

The longest chain of mountains in the world is the system of

A

MID-OCEAN RIDGES

87
Q

is a device that bounces sound waves off underwater objects and then records the echoes of these
sound waves.

A

SONAR

88
Q

________ allows part of the ocean floor to sinkback into the mantle, over tens of millions of years

A

SUBDUCTION

89
Q

TRUE OR FALSE

The processes of subduction and sea-floor spreading can change the size and shape of the oceans. Because of these processes,
the ocean floor is renewed about every 200 million years.

A

TRUE

90
Q

TRUE OR FALSE

The Pacific Ocean is shrinking. Its many trenches are swallowing more ocean crust than the mid-ocean ridge is producing. The Atlantic Ocean is expanding. In most places, the oceanic crust of the Atlantic Ocean is attached to continental crust. As the Atlantic’s floor spreads, the continents along its edges also move.

A

TRUE

91
Q

Because of _______ forces and
processes, the supercontinent breaks apart and ocean basins are formed.

A

TECTONIC

92
Q

The _________ cover the largest area of the earth’s surface. All of them were formed from volcanic rock that was released from the fissures that is located at the mid-ocean ridges, which is an underwater mountain range formed by plate tectonics.

A

OCEAN BASINS

93
Q

The world ocean is divided into the

A

North and South Pacific, North and South Atlantic, Indian, and Arctic Oceans

94
Q

largest, deepest, and oldest existing ocean basin. More trenches, and more frequent tsunamis happen here. It has been shaped by plate tectonics.

A

PACIFIC OCEAN basin

95
Q

second largest ocean basin

A

ATLANTIC

96
Q

third biggest ocean basin

A

INDIAN

97
Q

SMALLEST OF THE EARTH;S OCEAN BASIN IS AND COVERED BY ICE

A

ARTIC

98
Q

Partly shallow extension of the continent underwater.

A

CONTINENTAL SHELF

99
Q

Transition zone of continental shelf and deep ocean floor. It starts from oceanic crust to continental crust.

A

CONTINENTAL SLOPE

100
Q

It is where the ocean begins. All basaltic and oceanic rocks are found here. It is the place where
the sediments from land are washed. The continental margin starts from continental helf up to continental rise.

A

CONTINENTAL RISE

101
Q

The flattest part of the ocean. 50 % of the earth’s surface is being covered by this plain.

A

ABYSSAL PLAIN

102
Q

It’s not just a piece of land floating up in the middle of the sea, it is part of the ocean basin that extends up
from the ocean floor.

A

ISLAND

103
Q

It is an undersea mountain. The erosion caused by waves destroyed the top of a seamount which caused it to be flattened.

A

SEAMOUNT

104
Q

It is the deepest part of the ocean.

A

TRENCH

105
Q

The seafloor mountain system which is situated in the middle of the ocean basin. It is where
upwelling of magma happens which causes the sea floor to spread.

A

MID-OCEANIC RIDGE

106
Q

cycle that explains the process of the opening (beginning) and the closing (end) of an ocean which is driven by Plate Tectonics

A

The Wilson Cycle

107
Q

He named The Wilson Cycle

A

J. Tuzo Wilson

108
Q

6 stage of the Wilson Cycle

A
  1. Embryonic Ocean Basin
  2. Juvenile Ocean Basin
  3. Mature Ocean Basin
  4. Declining Ocean Basin
  5. Terminal Ocean Basin
  6. Suturing (Continental collision)
109
Q

● Motion: Uplift
● Complex system of linear rift
valleys on continent

A

Emrbyonic

110
Q

East African Rift Valleys

A

Embryonic

111
Q

● Motion: Divergence (Spreading)
● Narrow seas with matching coasts

A

juvenile

112
Q

Red Sea

A

JUVENILE

113
Q

● Motion: Divergence (Spreading)
● Ocean basin with continental
margins

A

MATURE

114
Q

Atlantic and Arctic Oceans

A

MATURE

115
Q

● Motion: Convergent (Subduction)
● Islands arcs and trenches around
basin edge

A

DECLINING

116
Q

Pacific Ocean

A

DECLINING

117
Q

● Motion: Convergent (Collision and
Uplift)
● Narrow, irregular seas with young
mountains

A

TERMINAL

118
Q

Mediterranean an Seas

A

TERMINAL

119
Q

● Motion: Convergence and Uplift
● Young mature mountain belts
What’s More The Ocean Basin to

A

SUTURING

120
Q

Himalayas Mountains

A

SUTURING

121
Q

TRUE OR FALSE

New ocean floor seems to form at same rates in different ocean basins and over time

A

FALSE - They form at different rates

122
Q

researchers themselves explore ocean basins in special submarines called

A

SUBMERSIBLES

123
Q

is normally found rising the ocean floor at the center of the ocean basins.

A

MID-OCEAN RIDGE

G11 STEM - 1ST SEM (15 decks)

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