GEN BIO SUMMATIVE 1.2 Flashcards
Prokayotic and Eukaryotic Cells, Animal Tissue, Plant Tissue, Cell Modification
Plant Cell Special Features
- CHLOROPLAST
- CELL WALL
Animal Cell Special Features
-LYSOSOME
- CENTRIOLES
- CENTROSOME
create and store usable energy through the process of photosynthesis
CHLOROPLAST
provides the cell with rigid structure
CELL WALL
used for the storage of water and some other materials
VACUOLE
They usually have many small vacuoles
ANIMAL CELLS
No nucleus
PROKARYOTIC CELL
Few organelles (no membrane-bound organelles)
PROKARYOTIC CELL
Small in size
PROKARYOTIC CELL
has nucleus
EUKARYOTIC CELL
Many membrane-bound organelles
EUKARYOTIC CELL
Large in size
EUKARYOTIC CELL
Humans, plants, fungi, etc.
EUKARYOTIC CELL
TWO KINGDOMS OF PROKAYOTIC CELLS
- Archaebacteria (Archae)
- Eubacteria (Bacteria)
4 Kingdoms of Eukaryotic cells
- PROTISTA
- FUNGI
- PLANTAE
- ANIMALIA
A simple, single-celled (unicellular) organism that lacks a nucleus, or any other membranebound organelle.
PROKARYOTIC CELL
This is where DNA is found in prokaryotic cells
NUCLEOID
have flagella, pili, or fimbriae.
PROKARYOTIC CELL
Long, whip-like appendages
FLAGELLA
Primarily used for movement.
FLAGELLA
Hair-like structures
PILI
for attachment and genetic exchange (conjugation)-type of reproduction).
PILI
bristle-like appearance.
FIMBRIAE
used mainly for attachment to surfaces.
FIMBRIAE
they are simple
PROKARYOTES
basic structures of PROKARYOTES
- DNA
- Cell/plasma membrane
- Cell wall
- Ribosomes
Has a membrane-bound nucleus and other membrane-bound compartments or sacs, called organelles,
EUKARYOTIC CELLS
this means โtrue kernelโ or โtrue
nucleus,โ alluding to the presence of the membrane-bound nucleus in these cells.
EUKARYOTIC
โlittle organโ
ORGANELLE
more complex
EUKARYOTES
can be multicellular or
unicellular.
EUKARYOTES
contain many organelles
EUKARYOTES
Four common components of PROKARYOTIC AND EUKARYOTIC CELLS
- Plasma membrane
- Cytoplasm
- Deoxyribonucleic aid (DNA)
- Ribosomes
At ______ ฮผm in diameter, prokaryotic cells are significantly smaller than eukaryotic
cells, which have diameters ranging from 10โ100 ฮผm.
0.1-5.0
cell size is limited because volume increases much more quickly than does cell surface area.
TRUE
A group of cells with similar
structure, functions, and origin
working together
TISSUES
Animal Tissue has been classified based on the ______, ______ and ______ in the body
type of cell, function and location
Four Major Animal Tissue Types
- EPITHELIAL TISSUE
- CONNECTIVE TISSUE
- MUSCULAR TISSUE
- NERVOUS TISSUE
This tissue has a free surface, which faces either a body fluid or the outside environment
EPITHELIAL TISSUE
provides a covering or a lining for some part of the body
EPITHELIAL TISSUE
Type of tissue that forms the outer layer of the body and lines internal organs
EPITHELIAL TISSUE
Acts as a protective barrier, helps in ABSORPTION, SECRETION, and SENSATION
EPITHELIAL TISSUE
EPITHELIAL TISSUE Examples
Skin, Lining of the mouth and nose, lining of digestive system
form glands
EPITHELIAL TISSUE
The cells of the tissue are
closely connected to each other
via cellular junctions
EPITHELIAL TISSUE
Two Distinct Surfaces of Epithelial Tissue
- Apical surface
- Basal surface
is exposed to the body cavity or
exterior
APICAL SURFACE
is adjacent to the underlying tissue.
BASAL TISSUE
Two types of Epithelial Tissues
- SIMPLE EPITHELIUM
- COMPOUND EPITHELIUM
is composed of a single layer of cells and functions as a lining for body cavities, ducts, and tubes
SIMPLE EPITHELIUM
consists of two or more cell layers and has protective function as it does in our skin.
COMPOUND EPITHELIUM
Six Types of Simple Epithelial
- Simple Squamous Epithelium
- Simple Cuboidal Epithelium
- Simple Cuboidal Ciliated
- Simple Columnar Epithelium
- Simple Columnar Ciliated
- Pseudo-stratified Columnar
plate like cells
SIMPLE SQUAMOUS EPITHELIUM
for exchange of material through diffusion
SIMPLE SQUAMOUS EPITHELIUM
commonly found in capillaries, blood vessels
SIMPLE SQUAMOUS EPITHELIUM
- lines the air sacs of lungs and glomerulus of kidney - helps filter blood from urine
SIMPLE SQUAMOUS EPITHELIUM
shape like dice
SIMPLE CUBOIDAL EPITHELIUM
relatively large amount of cytoplasm
SIMPLE CUBOIDAL EPITHELIUM
for secretion and absorption
SIMPLE CUBOIDAL EPITHELIUM
commonly found in ducts of glands and tubular parts of nephrons and kidney
SIMPLE CUBOIDAL EPITHELIUM
lines the thyroid follicles, ovaries, testis
SIMPLE CUBOIDAL EPITHELIUM
- alike with one simple epithelial but with added cilia
SIMPLE CUBOIDAL CILIATED
lines the terminal bronchioles and respiratory bronchioles
SIMPLE CUBOIDAL CILIATED
brick-shaped cells
SIMPLE COLUMNAR EPITHELIUM
for secretion and active absorption
SIMPLE COLUMNAR EPITHELIUM
lines the stomach, small and large intestine, rectum, gall bladder, cervix and ejaculatory duct
SIMPLE COLUMNAR EPITHELIUM
If the columnar or cuboidal cells bear cilia on the free surface they are called _______
Ciliated Epithelium
Their function is to move particles or mucus in a specific direction over the epithelium
Ciliated Epithelium
They are mainly present in the inner surface of hollow organs like bronchioles and fallopian tubes
Ciliated Epithelium
it lines both the fallopian tube and endometrium of the uterus
SIMPLE COLUMNAR CILIATED
may look stacked and usually with cilia
PSEUDO-STRATIFIED COLUMNAR
lines the respiratory tract
PSEUDO-STRATIFIED COLUMNAR
a term that means tiny hair-like structures on the surface of the cells
CILIA
2 Types of Compound Epithelial
- Stratified Squamous, non keratinized
- Stratified Squamous, keratinized
surface cells are moist and are not hardened by keratin
STRATIFIED SQUAMOUS, NON KERATINIZED
it regenerates quickly
STRATIFIED SQUAMOUS, NON KERATINIZED
for protection against abrasion and friction
STRATIFIED SQUAMOUS, NON KERATINIZED
lines the esophagus, oropharynx, larynx, cervix, vagina, and urinary meatus
STRATIFIED SQUAMOUS, NON KERATINIZED
In the esophagus, this tissue helps protect the underlying tissues from the wear and tear caused by the passage of food and liquids.
STRATIFIED SQUAMOUS, NON KERATINIZED
a type of compound epithelial that has a layer of keratin and is superficial layer of the skin
STRATIFIED SQUAMOUS, KERATINIZED
can be found in dorsum of the tongue, hard palate
STRATIFIED SQUAMOUS, KERATINIZED
It is a tough, protective protein, which makes the surface dry and resistant to abrasion and water loss
KERATIN
5 Types of Connective Tissue
- Loose Connective Tissue
- Fibrous Connective Tissue
- Cartilage
- Bone
- Blood
They are all characterized by the presence of extracellular matrix.
CONNECTIVE TISSUE
nonliving material composed
of protein fibers and ground substance
EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX
composition of protein fibers
COLLAGEN OR ELASTIN
holds organs in place
LOOSE CONNECTIVE TISSUE
Attach epithelial tissue to underlying tissue
LOOSE CONNECTIVE TISSUE
surrounded by blood vessels, nerves, muscles and tendons
LOOSE CONNECTIVE TISSUE
beneath the dermis
LOOSE CONNECTIVE TISSUE
made up of collagenous
fibers found in tendons and ligaments
FIBROUS CONNECTIVE TISSUE
consists of collagen known to provide strength and stability
FIBROUS CONNECTIVE TISSUE
examples are ligaments and tendons
FIBROUS CONNECTIVE TISSUE
a firm matrix with abundant collagen fibers
CARTILAGE
provide structural support and cushioning properties
CARTILAGE
found in rib cage, nose, trachea and end of long bones
CARTILAGE
it forms the skeletal system
BONE
Provides structural support protection and mineral storage
BONE
Found in arms, shoulder, hips, and legs
BONE
made up of plasma and examples are WBC, RBC, and platelets
BLOOD
3 Types of Muscle Tissue
- Skeletal Muscle Tissue
- Cardiac Muscle Tissue
- Smooth Muscle Tissue
composed of long cells specialized for contraction and contains the contractile proteins action ad myosin
MUSCLE TISSUE
Long, Cylindrical Cells with Striations (Stripped Appearance) and multiple nuclei
SKELETAL MUSCLE TISSUE
functions as voluntary and found on bones throughout the body
SKELETAL MUSCLE TISSUE
Branched cells with a single nucleus per cell, striations
CARDIAC MUSCLE TISSUE
functions as involuntary and located only in heart
CARDIAC MUSCLE TISSUE
spindle-shaped cells with no striations and single nucleus
SMOOTH MUSCLE TISSUE
functions as involuntary and located in walls of hollow organs like the stomach, intestines, blood vessels and bladder
SMOOTH MUSCLE TISSUE
a tissue that is composed neurons and glial cells
NERVE TISSUE
Neurons communicate with each other via โฆ
ELECTRICAL AND CHEMICAL SIGNALS
2 Types of Elongated Cellular Processes
DENDRITES/SYNAPTIC TRANSMISSION AND AXONS/AXONAL CONDUCTION (action potential propagation)
A type of Elongated Cellular Process that receives the signals
DENDRITES
A type of Elongated Cellular Process that sends the signals
AXONS
2 General Types where Plant Tissue falls into
MERISTEMATIC TISSUE AND PERMANENT (OR NON-MERISTEMATIC) TISSUE
Tissue found in the growing region of a plant
MERISTEMATIC TISSUE
location of cells of meristematic tissue which are plants regions of continuous cell division and growth
MERISTEMS
3 Kinds of Meristematic Tissue
- Apical Meristems
- Lateral Meristems
- Intercalary Meristems
found in the root and shoot tips that increases the length and extend upwards and downwards
APICAL MERISTEMS
present laterally in non-flowering plants and dicotyledonous plants
LATERAL MERISTEMS
Due to their division, the root and stem grow in thickness or girth
LATERAL MERISTEMS
found in vascular and cork cambium
LATERAL MERISTEMS
found in between permanent tissue and monocotyledonous stem
INTERCALARY MERISTEM
at the bases of leaf blades and at nodes; enables the monocot lead blade to increase in length
INTERCALARY MERISTEM
Tissues formed from meristematic tissue slowly mature, have lost the ability of division, and get differentiated.
PERMANENT TISSUE
3 Types of Permanent Tissue
- Simple Tissue
- Complex Tissue
- Special Tissue
made up of a single cell type and found in the soft part of a leaf flower, fruits and inner stem.
SIMPLE TISSUE (PRIMARY TISSUE)
3 Types of Simple Permanent Tissue
- Parenchyma
- Collenchyma
- Sclerenchyma
cell is thin-walled
PARENCHYMA
spherical oval
PARENCHYMA
cells are living and have large
vacuoles in their cytoplasm
PARENCHYMA
has numerous chloroplast called
chlorenchyma
PARENCHYMA
Aerenchyma large spaces which
stores gases.
PARENCHYMA
Functions of Parenchyma
- Repair
- Photosynthesis
- Storage
Tissue usually found in the stem
COLLENCHYMA
Cells of these tissues looks
elongated or cubical, thickwalled.
COLLENCHYMA
chloroplast is less in the cells
COLLENCHYMA
Functions of Collenchyma
- MECHANICAL SUPPORT
- ELASTICITY
- STRENGTH
- FLEXIBILITY
are dead tissues, very hard and
rigid in texture.
SCLERENCHYMA
thick-walled with various size
and shapes.
SCLERENCHYMA
Functions of Sclerenchyma
- MECHANICAL SUPPORT
- RIGIDITY
- AIDS IN WATER AND FOOD TRANSPORT
- PROTECTION
made up of various types of cells
COMPLEX TISSUE (CONDUCTING TISSUE)
structure is different but individually they collect together to perform similar function
COMPLEX TISSUE (CONDUCTING TISSUE)
Two Classfications of COMPLEX PERMANENT TISSUE
- XYLEM
- PLOEM
certain tissues get modified to secret some substances
SPECIAL TISSUE
Two types of SPECIAL PERMANENT TISSUE
- GLANDULAR TISSUE
- LATICIFEROUS TISSUE
have different types of glands that have secretory or excretory products in them; the gland is situated on the epidermis
GLANDULAR TISSUE
Tissues with long, thin walled and branched cells that produce white milk secretion called _______
LATICIFEROUS TISSUE, LATEX
Transport food and water internally throughout the plant.
VASCULAR TISSUE
Vascular tissue is composed of complex tissue:
- XYLEM
- PLOEM
carries water and minerals from roots to other parts of the plant and composed of dead cells
XYLEM
transports food and organic nutrients from leaves to
other parts of the plant and is composed of living cells
PLOEM
occurs after cell division where the newly formed cells are structurally
modified
CELL MODIFICATION
makes it different from another type of cell
CELL MODIFICATION
Why cell modification occur?
to be able to carry out their tasks efficiently
3 KINDS OF CELL MODIFICATION
APICAL MODIFICATION
BASAL MODIFICATION
LATERAL MODIFICATION
refer to specialized structures or features present at the apical (top) surface
APICAL MODIFICATION
These modifications are adaptations that enhance the cellโs ability to carry out specific functions, such as
ABSORPTION, SECRETION, MOVEMENT AND PROTECTION
5 types of apical modification
- FLAGELLA
- CILIA
- MICROVILLI
- PSEUDOPODIA
- STEREOCILIA
whip-like appendages
that protrude from the cell
surface
FLAGELLA
used for locomotion
FLAGELLA
also often functions as a sensory
organelle
FLAGELLA
meaning of the word flagellum in Latin
whip just like the whipping motion
Eukaryotes have true flagellum, almost half the human population produces cells with them in the form of _______
SPERM
only cell in the human body with
flagellum
SPERM
microscopic cellular membrane protrusions that increase the surface area for diffusion
MICROVILLI
Functions of MICROVILLI
ABSORPTION
SECRETION
CELLULAR ADHESION
MECHANOTRANSDUCTION
tiny little projections that exist in, on, and around cells.
MICROVILLI
fingerlike extensions
VILLI
In the intestine, they work in conjunction with villi to _______ more nutrients and more material because they expand the surface area of the intestine
ABSORB
short hair like structures or projections, motile, function for movement
CILIA
They are primarily responsible for locomotion, either of the cell itself or of fluids on the cell surface
CILIA
involved in mechanoreception
CILIA
are protzoans that possess cilia which they use for both locomotion and feeding
CILIATES
Two categories of cilia
MOTILE CILIA AND NON-MOTILE CILIA
always moving
in a single direction.
MOTILE CILIA
responsible for sensing the surrounding environment. They are also called primary cilia
NON-MOTILE CILIA
made up of microtubules coated in
plasma membrane
CILIUM (singular for cilia)
False feet, arm-like projections
PSEUDOPODIA
Bulge outward to move the cell or engulf a prey
PSUEDOPODIA
functions of Psuedopodia
MOTILITY AND INGESTION
Long microvilli that function in increasing absorption. It is non-motile and found in sensory cells in ear and male reproductive
tract
STEREOCILIA
Cell modification found on the basal surface of the cell.
BASAL MODIFICATION
2 types of basal modification
- HEMIDESMOSOMES
- BASAL INFOLDINGS
Provide strong adhesion
between adjacent epithelial cells
HEMIDESMOSOMES
facilitate the stable adhesion of basal epithelial cells
HEMIDESMOSOMES
refer to specialized structures found on the lateral (side) surfaces of these cells that facilitate cell-cell interactions and contribute to tissue integrity.
LATERAL MODIFICATION
3 TYPES OF LATERAL MODIFICATION
- ADHERING JUNCTION
- TIGHT JUNCTION
- GAP JUNCTION
Anchoring junction on the lateral surface of the cell
ADHERING JUNCTION
Fasten cells to one another
ADHERING JUNCTION
contain actin and intermediate
filaments and maintain integrity of the cell to better bind
ADHERING JUNCTION
Act as barriers that regulate the movement of water and solutes
Tight Junctions (Zonula Occludens)
preventing diffusion of water soluble molecules
Tight Junctions (Zonula Occludens)
Important in cell communication as it permits the free of passage ions and small molecules
GAP JUNCTIONS
