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G11 STEM - 1ST SEM > GEN BIO SUMMATIVE 1.2 > Flashcards

GEN BIO SUMMATIVE 1.2 Flashcards

Prokayotic and Eukaryotic Cells, Animal Tissue, Plant Tissue, Cell Modification

1
Q

Plant Cell Special Features

A
  • CHLOROPLAST
  • CELL WALL
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2
Q

Animal Cell Special Features

A

-LYSOSOME
- CENTRIOLES
- CENTROSOME

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3
Q

create and store usable energy through the process of photosynthesis

A

CHLOROPLAST

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4
Q

provides the cell with rigid structure

A

CELL WALL

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5
Q

used for the storage of water and some other materials

A

VACUOLE

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6
Q

They usually have many small vacuoles

A

ANIMAL CELLS

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7
Q

No nucleus

A

PROKARYOTIC CELL

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8
Q

Few organelles (no membrane-bound organelles)

A

PROKARYOTIC CELL

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9
Q

Small in size

A

PROKARYOTIC CELL

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10
Q

has nucleus

A

EUKARYOTIC CELL

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11
Q

Many membrane-bound organelles

A

EUKARYOTIC CELL

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12
Q

Large in size

A

EUKARYOTIC CELL

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13
Q

Humans, plants, fungi, etc.

A

EUKARYOTIC CELL

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14
Q

TWO KINGDOMS OF PROKAYOTIC CELLS

A
  1. Archaebacteria (Archae)
  2. Eubacteria (Bacteria)
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15
Q

4 Kingdoms of Eukaryotic cells

A
  1. PROTISTA
  2. FUNGI
  3. PLANTAE
  4. ANIMALIA
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16
Q

A simple, single-celled (unicellular) organism that lacks a nucleus, or any other membranebound organelle.

A

PROKARYOTIC CELL

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17
Q

This is where DNA is found in prokaryotic cells

A

NUCLEOID

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18
Q

have flagella, pili, or fimbriae.

A

PROKARYOTIC CELL

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19
Q

Long, whip-like appendages

A

FLAGELLA

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20
Q

Primarily used for movement.

A

FLAGELLA

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21
Q

Hair-like structures

A

PILI

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22
Q

for attachment and genetic exchange (conjugation)-type of reproduction).

A

PILI

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23
Q

bristle-like appearance.

A

FIMBRIAE

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24
Q

used mainly for attachment to surfaces.

A

FIMBRIAE

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25
Q

they are simple

A

PROKARYOTES

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26
Q

basic structures of PROKARYOTES

A
  • DNA
  • Cell/plasma membrane
  • Cell wall
  • Ribosomes
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27
Q

Has a membrane-bound nucleus and other membrane-bound compartments or sacs, called organelles,

A

EUKARYOTIC CELLS

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28
Q

this means โ€œtrue kernelโ€ or โ€œtrue
nucleus,โ€ alluding to the presence of the membrane-bound nucleus in these cells.

A

EUKARYOTIC

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29
Q

โ€œlittle organโ€

A

ORGANELLE

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30
Q

more complex

A

EUKARYOTES

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31
Q

can be multicellular or
unicellular.

A

EUKARYOTES

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32
Q

contain many organelles

A

EUKARYOTES

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33
Q

Four common components of PROKARYOTIC AND EUKARYOTIC CELLS

A
  1. Plasma membrane
  2. Cytoplasm
  3. Deoxyribonucleic aid (DNA)
  4. Ribosomes
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34
Q

At ______ ฮผm in diameter, prokaryotic cells are significantly smaller than eukaryotic
cells, which have diameters ranging from 10โ€“100 ฮผm.

A

0.1-5.0

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35
Q

cell size is limited because volume increases much more quickly than does cell surface area.

A

TRUE

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36
Q

A group of cells with similar
structure, functions, and origin
working together

A

TISSUES

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37
Q

Animal Tissue has been classified based on the ______, ______ and ______ in the body

A

type of cell, function and location

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38
Q

Four Major Animal Tissue Types

A
  1. EPITHELIAL TISSUE
  2. CONNECTIVE TISSUE
  3. MUSCULAR TISSUE
  4. NERVOUS TISSUE
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39
Q

This tissue has a free surface, which faces either a body fluid or the outside environment

A

EPITHELIAL TISSUE

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40
Q

provides a covering or a lining for some part of the body

A

EPITHELIAL TISSUE

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41
Q

Type of tissue that forms the outer layer of the body and lines internal organs

A

EPITHELIAL TISSUE

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42
Q

Acts as a protective barrier, helps in ABSORPTION, SECRETION, and SENSATION

A

EPITHELIAL TISSUE

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43
Q

EPITHELIAL TISSUE Examples

A

Skin, Lining of the mouth and nose, lining of digestive system

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44
Q

form glands

A

EPITHELIAL TISSUE

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45
Q

The cells of the tissue are
closely connected to each other
via cellular junctions

A

EPITHELIAL TISSUE

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46
Q

Two Distinct Surfaces of Epithelial Tissue

A
  1. Apical surface
  2. Basal surface
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47
Q

is exposed to the body cavity or
exterior

A

APICAL SURFACE

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48
Q

is adjacent to the underlying tissue.

A

BASAL TISSUE

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49
Q

Two types of Epithelial Tissues

A
  1. SIMPLE EPITHELIUM
  2. COMPOUND EPITHELIUM
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50
Q

is composed of a single layer of cells and functions as a lining for body cavities, ducts, and tubes

A

SIMPLE EPITHELIUM

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51
Q

consists of two or more cell layers and has protective function as it does in our skin.

A

COMPOUND EPITHELIUM

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52
Q

Six Types of Simple Epithelial

A
  1. Simple Squamous Epithelium
  2. Simple Cuboidal Epithelium
  3. Simple Cuboidal Ciliated
  4. Simple Columnar Epithelium
  5. Simple Columnar Ciliated
  6. Pseudo-stratified Columnar
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53
Q

plate like cells

A

SIMPLE SQUAMOUS EPITHELIUM

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54
Q

for exchange of material through diffusion

A

SIMPLE SQUAMOUS EPITHELIUM

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55
Q

commonly found in capillaries, blood vessels

A

SIMPLE SQUAMOUS EPITHELIUM

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56
Q
  • lines the air sacs of lungs and glomerulus of kidney - helps filter blood from urine
A

SIMPLE SQUAMOUS EPITHELIUM

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57
Q

shape like dice

A

SIMPLE CUBOIDAL EPITHELIUM

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58
Q

relatively large amount of cytoplasm

A

SIMPLE CUBOIDAL EPITHELIUM

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59
Q

for secretion and absorption

A

SIMPLE CUBOIDAL EPITHELIUM

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60
Q

commonly found in ducts of glands and tubular parts of nephrons and kidney

A

SIMPLE CUBOIDAL EPITHELIUM

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61
Q

lines the thyroid follicles, ovaries, testis

A

SIMPLE CUBOIDAL EPITHELIUM

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62
Q
  • alike with one simple epithelial but with added cilia
A

SIMPLE CUBOIDAL CILIATED

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63
Q

lines the terminal bronchioles and respiratory bronchioles

A

SIMPLE CUBOIDAL CILIATED

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64
Q

brick-shaped cells

A

SIMPLE COLUMNAR EPITHELIUM

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65
Q

for secretion and active absorption

A

SIMPLE COLUMNAR EPITHELIUM

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66
Q

lines the stomach, small and large intestine, rectum, gall bladder, cervix and ejaculatory duct

A

SIMPLE COLUMNAR EPITHELIUM

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67
Q

If the columnar or cuboidal cells bear cilia on the free surface they are called _______

A

Ciliated Epithelium

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68
Q

Their function is to move particles or mucus in a specific direction over the epithelium

A

Ciliated Epithelium

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69
Q

They are mainly present in the inner surface of hollow organs like bronchioles and fallopian tubes

A

Ciliated Epithelium

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70
Q

it lines both the fallopian tube and endometrium of the uterus

A

SIMPLE COLUMNAR CILIATED

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71
Q

may look stacked and usually with cilia

A

PSEUDO-STRATIFIED COLUMNAR

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72
Q

lines the respiratory tract

A

PSEUDO-STRATIFIED COLUMNAR

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73
Q

a term that means tiny hair-like structures on the surface of the cells

A

CILIA

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74
Q

2 Types of Compound Epithelial

A
  1. Stratified Squamous, non keratinized
  2. Stratified Squamous, keratinized
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75
Q

surface cells are moist and are not hardened by keratin

A

STRATIFIED SQUAMOUS, NON KERATINIZED

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76
Q

it regenerates quickly

A

STRATIFIED SQUAMOUS, NON KERATINIZED

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77
Q

for protection against abrasion and friction

A

STRATIFIED SQUAMOUS, NON KERATINIZED

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78
Q

lines the esophagus, oropharynx, larynx, cervix, vagina, and urinary meatus

A

STRATIFIED SQUAMOUS, NON KERATINIZED

79
Q

In the esophagus, this tissue helps protect the underlying tissues from the wear and tear caused by the passage of food and liquids.

A

STRATIFIED SQUAMOUS, NON KERATINIZED

80
Q

a type of compound epithelial that has a layer of keratin and is superficial layer of the skin

A

STRATIFIED SQUAMOUS, KERATINIZED

81
Q

can be found in dorsum of the tongue, hard palate

A

STRATIFIED SQUAMOUS, KERATINIZED

82
Q

It is a tough, protective protein, which makes the surface dry and resistant to abrasion and water loss

A

KERATIN

83
Q

5 Types of Connective Tissue

A
  1. Loose Connective Tissue
  2. Fibrous Connective Tissue
  3. Cartilage
  4. Bone
  5. Blood
84
Q

They are all characterized by the presence of extracellular matrix.

A

CONNECTIVE TISSUE

85
Q

nonliving material composed
of protein fibers and ground substance

A

EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX

86
Q

composition of protein fibers

A

COLLAGEN OR ELASTIN

87
Q

holds organs in place

A

LOOSE CONNECTIVE TISSUE

88
Q

Attach epithelial tissue to underlying tissue

A

LOOSE CONNECTIVE TISSUE

89
Q

surrounded by blood vessels, nerves, muscles and tendons

A

LOOSE CONNECTIVE TISSUE

90
Q

beneath the dermis

A

LOOSE CONNECTIVE TISSUE

91
Q

made up of collagenous
fibers found in tendons and ligaments

A

FIBROUS CONNECTIVE TISSUE

92
Q

consists of collagen known to provide strength and stability

A

FIBROUS CONNECTIVE TISSUE

93
Q

examples are ligaments and tendons

A

FIBROUS CONNECTIVE TISSUE

94
Q

a firm matrix with abundant collagen fibers

A

CARTILAGE

95
Q

provide structural support and cushioning properties

A

CARTILAGE

96
Q

found in rib cage, nose, trachea and end of long bones

A

CARTILAGE

97
Q

it forms the skeletal system

A

BONE

98
Q

Provides structural support protection and mineral storage

A

BONE

99
Q

Found in arms, shoulder, hips, and legs

A

BONE

100
Q

made up of plasma and examples are WBC, RBC, and platelets

A

BLOOD

101
Q

3 Types of Muscle Tissue

A
  1. Skeletal Muscle Tissue
  2. Cardiac Muscle Tissue
  3. Smooth Muscle Tissue
102
Q

composed of long cells specialized for contraction and contains the contractile proteins action ad myosin

A

MUSCLE TISSUE

103
Q

Long, Cylindrical Cells with Striations (Stripped Appearance) and multiple nuclei

A

SKELETAL MUSCLE TISSUE

104
Q

functions as voluntary and found on bones throughout the body

A

SKELETAL MUSCLE TISSUE

105
Q

Branched cells with a single nucleus per cell, striations

A

CARDIAC MUSCLE TISSUE

106
Q

functions as involuntary and located only in heart

A

CARDIAC MUSCLE TISSUE

107
Q

spindle-shaped cells with no striations and single nucleus

A

SMOOTH MUSCLE TISSUE

108
Q

functions as involuntary and located in walls of hollow organs like the stomach, intestines, blood vessels and bladder

A

SMOOTH MUSCLE TISSUE

109
Q

a tissue that is composed neurons and glial cells

A

NERVE TISSUE

110
Q

Neurons communicate with each other via โ€ฆ

A

ELECTRICAL AND CHEMICAL SIGNALS

111
Q

2 Types of Elongated Cellular Processes

A

DENDRITES/SYNAPTIC TRANSMISSION AND AXONS/AXONAL CONDUCTION (action potential propagation)

112
Q

A type of Elongated Cellular Process that receives the signals

A

DENDRITES

113
Q

A type of Elongated Cellular Process that sends the signals

A

AXONS

114
Q

2 General Types where Plant Tissue falls into

A

MERISTEMATIC TISSUE AND PERMANENT (OR NON-MERISTEMATIC) TISSUE

115
Q

Tissue found in the growing region of a plant

A

MERISTEMATIC TISSUE

116
Q

location of cells of meristematic tissue which are plants regions of continuous cell division and growth

A

MERISTEMS

117
Q

3 Kinds of Meristematic Tissue

A
  1. Apical Meristems
  2. Lateral Meristems
  3. Intercalary Meristems
118
Q

found in the root and shoot tips that increases the length and extend upwards and downwards

A

APICAL MERISTEMS

119
Q

present laterally in non-flowering plants and dicotyledonous plants

A

LATERAL MERISTEMS

120
Q

Due to their division, the root and stem grow in thickness or girth

A

LATERAL MERISTEMS

121
Q

found in vascular and cork cambium

A

LATERAL MERISTEMS

122
Q

found in between permanent tissue and monocotyledonous stem

A

INTERCALARY MERISTEM

123
Q

at the bases of leaf blades and at nodes; enables the monocot lead blade to increase in length

A

INTERCALARY MERISTEM

124
Q

Tissues formed from meristematic tissue slowly mature, have lost the ability of division, and get differentiated.

A

PERMANENT TISSUE

125
Q

3 Types of Permanent Tissue

A
  1. Simple Tissue
  2. Complex Tissue
  3. Special Tissue
126
Q

made up of a single cell type and found in the soft part of a leaf flower, fruits and inner stem.

A

SIMPLE TISSUE (PRIMARY TISSUE)

127
Q

3 Types of Simple Permanent Tissue

A
  1. Parenchyma
  2. Collenchyma
  3. Sclerenchyma
128
Q

cell is thin-walled

A

PARENCHYMA

129
Q

spherical oval

A

PARENCHYMA

130
Q

cells are living and have large
vacuoles in their cytoplasm

A

PARENCHYMA

131
Q

has numerous chloroplast called
chlorenchyma

A

PARENCHYMA

132
Q

Aerenchyma large spaces which
stores gases.

A

PARENCHYMA

133
Q

Functions of Parenchyma

A
  1. Repair
  2. Photosynthesis
  3. Storage
134
Q

Tissue usually found in the stem

A

COLLENCHYMA

135
Q

Cells of these tissues looks
elongated or cubical, thickwalled.

A

COLLENCHYMA

136
Q

chloroplast is less in the cells

A

COLLENCHYMA

137
Q

Functions of Collenchyma

A
  1. MECHANICAL SUPPORT
  2. ELASTICITY
  3. STRENGTH
  4. FLEXIBILITY
138
Q

are dead tissues, very hard and
rigid in texture.

A

SCLERENCHYMA

139
Q

thick-walled with various size
and shapes.

A

SCLERENCHYMA

140
Q

Functions of Sclerenchyma

A
  1. MECHANICAL SUPPORT
  2. RIGIDITY
  3. AIDS IN WATER AND FOOD TRANSPORT
  4. PROTECTION
141
Q

made up of various types of cells

A

COMPLEX TISSUE (CONDUCTING TISSUE)

142
Q

structure is different but individually they collect together to perform similar function

A

COMPLEX TISSUE (CONDUCTING TISSUE)

143
Q

Two Classfications of COMPLEX PERMANENT TISSUE

A
  1. XYLEM
  2. PLOEM
144
Q

certain tissues get modified to secret some substances

A

SPECIAL TISSUE

145
Q

Two types of SPECIAL PERMANENT TISSUE

A
  1. GLANDULAR TISSUE
  2. LATICIFEROUS TISSUE
146
Q

have different types of glands that have secretory or excretory products in them; the gland is situated on the epidermis

A

GLANDULAR TISSUE

147
Q

Tissues with long, thin walled and branched cells that produce white milk secretion called _______

A

LATICIFEROUS TISSUE, LATEX

148
Q

Transport food and water internally throughout the plant.

A

VASCULAR TISSUE

149
Q

Vascular tissue is composed of complex tissue:

A
  1. XYLEM
  2. PLOEM
150
Q

carries water and minerals from roots to other parts of the plant and composed of dead cells

A

XYLEM

151
Q

transports food and organic nutrients from leaves to
other parts of the plant and is composed of living cells

A

PLOEM

152
Q

occurs after cell division where the newly formed cells are structurally
modified

A

CELL MODIFICATION

153
Q

makes it different from another type of cell

A

CELL MODIFICATION

154
Q

Why cell modification occur?

A

to be able to carry out their tasks efficiently

155
Q

3 KINDS OF CELL MODIFICATION

A

APICAL MODIFICATION
BASAL MODIFICATION
LATERAL MODIFICATION

156
Q

refer to specialized structures or features present at the apical (top) surface

A

APICAL MODIFICATION

157
Q

These modifications are adaptations that enhance the cellโ€™s ability to carry out specific functions, such as

A

ABSORPTION, SECRETION, MOVEMENT AND PROTECTION

158
Q

5 types of apical modification

A
  1. FLAGELLA
  2. CILIA
  3. MICROVILLI
  4. PSEUDOPODIA
  5. STEREOCILIA
159
Q

whip-like appendages
that protrude from the cell
surface

A

FLAGELLA

160
Q

used for locomotion

A

FLAGELLA

161
Q

also often functions as a sensory
organelle

A

FLAGELLA

162
Q

meaning of the word flagellum in Latin

A

whip just like the whipping motion

163
Q

Eukaryotes have true flagellum, almost half the human population produces cells with them in the form of _______

A

SPERM

164
Q

only cell in the human body with
flagellum

A

SPERM

165
Q

microscopic cellular membrane protrusions that increase the surface area for diffusion

A

MICROVILLI

166
Q

Functions of MICROVILLI

A

ABSORPTION
SECRETION
CELLULAR ADHESION
MECHANOTRANSDUCTION

167
Q

tiny little projections that exist in, on, and around cells.

A

MICROVILLI

168
Q

fingerlike extensions

A

VILLI

169
Q

In the intestine, they work in conjunction with villi to _______ more nutrients and more material because they expand the surface area of the intestine

A

ABSORB

170
Q

short hair like structures or projections, motile, function for movement

A

CILIA

171
Q

They are primarily responsible for locomotion, either of the cell itself or of fluids on the cell surface

A

CILIA

172
Q

involved in mechanoreception

A

CILIA

173
Q

are protzoans that possess cilia which they use for both locomotion and feeding

A

CILIATES

174
Q

Two categories of cilia

A

MOTILE CILIA AND NON-MOTILE CILIA

175
Q

always moving
in a single direction.

A

MOTILE CILIA

176
Q

responsible for sensing the surrounding environment. They are also called primary cilia

A

NON-MOTILE CILIA

177
Q

made up of microtubules coated in
plasma membrane

A

CILIUM (singular for cilia)

178
Q

False feet, arm-like projections

A

PSEUDOPODIA

179
Q

Bulge outward to move the cell or engulf a prey

A

PSUEDOPODIA

180
Q

functions of Psuedopodia

A

MOTILITY AND INGESTION

181
Q

Long microvilli that function in increasing absorption. It is non-motile and found in sensory cells in ear and male reproductive
tract

A

STEREOCILIA

182
Q

Cell modification found on the basal surface of the cell.

A

BASAL MODIFICATION

183
Q

2 types of basal modification

A
  1. HEMIDESMOSOMES
  2. BASAL INFOLDINGS
184
Q

Provide strong adhesion
between adjacent epithelial cells

A

HEMIDESMOSOMES

185
Q

facilitate the stable adhesion of basal epithelial cells

A

HEMIDESMOSOMES

186
Q

refer to specialized structures found on the lateral (side) surfaces of these cells that facilitate cell-cell interactions and contribute to tissue integrity.

A

LATERAL MODIFICATION

187
Q

3 TYPES OF LATERAL MODIFICATION

A
  1. ADHERING JUNCTION
  2. TIGHT JUNCTION
  3. GAP JUNCTION
188
Q

Anchoring junction on the lateral surface of the cell

A

ADHERING JUNCTION

189
Q

Fasten cells to one another

A

ADHERING JUNCTION

190
Q

contain actin and intermediate
filaments and maintain integrity of the cell to better bind

A

ADHERING JUNCTION

191
Q

Act as barriers that regulate the movement of water and solutes

A

Tight Junctions (Zonula Occludens)

192
Q

preventing diffusion of water soluble molecules

A

Tight Junctions (Zonula Occludens)

193
Q

Important in cell communication as it permits the free of passage ions and small molecules

A

GAP JUNCTIONS

G11 STEM - 1ST SEM (15 decks)

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