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G11 STEM - 1ST SEM > EARTH SCI SUMMATIVE 3 > Flashcards

EARTH SCI SUMMATIVE 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Importance of Minerals to Society

A

➢ Economic Development
➢ Technological Advancement
➢ National Security
➢ Quality of life

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2
Q

Minerals such as iron, calcium, zinc, and magnesium are vital for a healthy body. They play roles in everything from blood production to bone health.

A

ESSENTIAL NUTRIENTS

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3
Q

Minerals like granite, marble, and limestone are used to build roads, buildings, and other infrastructure.

A

CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS

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4
Q

Minerals are used to produce various industrial products, from aluminum to steel to electronics.

A

INDUSTRIAL USES

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5
Q

Minerals like uranium, lithium, and cobalt are essential for power generation.

A

ENERGY SOURCES

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6
Q

prevents tooth decay
by protecting teeth from acids in the mouth.

A

FLUORIDE IN TOOTHPASTE

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7
Q

Stainless steel kitchenware contains an _________________, making it durable and noncorrosive.

A

ALLOY OF IRON AND CHROMIUM

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8
Q

are used in components of gadgets like cellphones and computers.

A

SILICON, SILVER AND GOLD

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9
Q

is widely used in electrical wiring due to its affordability.

A

COPPER

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10
Q

is used in skyscrapers for its
durability.

A

IRON STEEL

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11
Q

provides strength and stability
to buildings

A

CONCRETE, containing LIMESTONE, LIME, CHALK

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12
Q

Glass made of _______ or ________ and _______ for floors, and ________ for window and door panels are
also used in construction.

A

SILICA
QUARTZ
GRANITE
MARBLE
ALUMINUM

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13
Q

a strong and lightweight metal, is
used in medical and dental tools due to its biocompatibility.

A

TITANIUM

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14
Q

is used in plaster casts for
immobilizing broken bones

A

GYPSUM

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15
Q

used in surgical instruments

A

ALLOYS

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16
Q

MINERALS IN ENERGY PRODUCTION

A
  1. NUCLEAR POWER
  2. ELECTRIC CAR BATTERIES
  3. DRY CELL BATTERIES
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17
Q

Radioactive minerals like Uranium are used as a heat source in nuclear reactors to generate electricity.

A

NUCLEAR POWER

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18
Q

Minerals like lithium, cobalt, and nickel are essential components of ____________

A

ELECTRIC CAR BATTERIES

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19
Q

Zinc, carbon, cadmium, lead, and nickel are used in the manufacture of various ___________

A

DRY CELL BATTERIES

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20
Q

MINERALS IN AGRICULTURE

A

NPK FERTILIZERS
LIME

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21
Q

NPK MEANING

A

NITROGEN PHOSPHOROUS POTASSIUM

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22
Q

LIME

A

CALCIUM CARBONATE

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23
Q

Vital minerals for plant growth

A

NPK FERTILIZERS

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24
Q

Used to lower soil acidity

A

LIME

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25
Q

MINERALS IN PHARMACEUTICALS

A

CALCIUM
MAGNESIUM & ZINC

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26
Q

helps the body develop strong
and healthy bones.

A

CALCIUM

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27
Q

support a healthy immune system.

A

MAGNESIUM & ZINC

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28
Q

OTHER IMPORTANT MINERALS

A

KAOLINITE
HEMATITE
MICA
LAPIS LAZULI (ROCK)
CALCITE
GARNET
SERPENTINE
OPAL
RUBY (GEMSTONE)
EMERALD (GEMSTONE)

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29
Q

also known as “China clay”

A

KAOLINITE

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30
Q

important material in the manufacture of porcelain,
paper, rubber, and paint

A

KAOLINITE

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31
Q

Soft and white

A

KAOLINITE

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32
Q

Red iron ore with high iron content

A

HEMATITE

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33
Q

a pigmenting agent used in preparations for heavy media separation, radiation shielding, ballast, and as a minor gemstone.

A

HEMATITE

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34
Q

flat, translucent and elastic mineral

A

MICA

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35
Q

contains high amount of silica

A

MICA

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36
Q

ingredient in makeup and various cosmetics.

A

MICA

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37
Q

widely used as gemstone

A

LAPIS LAZULLI (ROCK)

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38
Q

semiprecious stone with
deep blue color that contains lazurite mineral

A

LAPIS LAZULI (ROCK)

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39
Q

natural form of Calcium
carbonate

A

CALCITE

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40
Q

constitutes the sedimentary rock
Limestone

A

CALCITE

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41
Q

used as ingredient in
manufacture of cement

A

CALCITE

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42
Q

used as flux in metallurgical processes

A

CALCITE

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43
Q

translucent and has a
vitreous to resinous lusters

A

GARNET

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44
Q

used as gemstone and used widely as an abrasive

A

GARNET

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45
Q

has patterned appearance, slippery and colored green

A

SERPENTINE

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46
Q

used as gemstone and as stone decoration in architecture

A

SERPENTINE

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47
Q

a silica mineral with variety of colors from the yellows and reds due to impurities.

A

OPAL

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48
Q

used as gemstone and as
abrasives, insulation media, fillers, and ceramic ingredients.

A

OPAL

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49
Q

composed of transparent
red corundum mineral

A

RUBY

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50
Q

with deep cochineal to pale rose red color

A

RUBY

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51
Q

used as gemstone in any
kind of jewelry

A

RUBY

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52
Q

variety of beryl mineral with grass-green color

A

EMERALD

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53
Q

used as gemstone in any kind of jewelry

A

EMERALD

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54
Q

TWO METHODS OF MINING

A

SURFACE MINING
UNDERGROUND MINING

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55
Q

used to extract ore minerals near the surfac of the earth. The soil and
rocks that covered the ores are removed through blasting.

A

SURFACE MINING

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56
Q

TYPES OF SURFACE MINING

A

OPEN PIT MINING
STRIP MINING
DREDGING
MOUNTAIN TOP
PILCER

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57
Q

the most prevalent form of surface mining, involves excavating a large, open hole in the ground to reach the desired ore deposits.

A

OPEN PIT MINING

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58
Q

is often employed for extracting large quantities of materials like gravel, sand, and even rock. Explosives and drilling are crucial in creating the pit and accessing the valuable resources.

A

OPEN PIT MINING

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59
Q

another common surface
mining technique, involves removing a thin layer of overburden, the earth or soil covering the desired deposit.

A

STRIP MINING

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60
Q

is frequently employed for extracting coal, phosphates,
clays, and tar.

A

STRIP MINING

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61
Q

involves extracting materials from the bottom of bodies of water,
including rivers, lakes, and oceans

A

DREDGING

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62
Q

This technique utilizes specialized
machinery, such as dredges, to scoop up sediments and minerals from the seabed.

A

DREDGING

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63
Q

is essential for obtaining materials like sand, gravel, and minerals, but it can also be used for deepening waterways, creating artificial islands, and managing sediment buildup.

A

DREDGING

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64
Q

used to extract the rocks,
minerals and other precious
stones that can be found
beneath the earth’s surface.

A

UNDERGROUND MINING

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65
Q

miners need to create a tunnel so they can reach the ore minerals.

A

UNDERGROUND MINING

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66
Q

Mineral Processing: Transforming Raw Ore into Valuable Materials

A

SAMPLING
ANALYSIS
COMMINUTION
CONCENTRATION
DEWATERING

67
Q

a crucial step to understand the composition and properties of the ore. This involves collecting representative samples from different parts of the ore deposit, ensuring an accurate reflection of the whole

A

SAMPLING

68
Q

provides detailed insights into the composition of the ore, including its chemical makeup, mineral content, and particle size; provides a foundation for selecting appropriate processing
methods

A

ANALYSIS

69
Q

__________helps determine the concentrations of valuable minerals and potential contaminants. __________identifies the different minerals present, while particle size analysis is crucial for optimizing crushing and grinding processes.

A

CHEMICAL ANALYSIS
MINERAL ANALYSIS

70
Q

involves reducing the size of the ore through crushing and grinding.

A

COMMINUTION

71
Q

This stage aims to liberate
valuable minerals from the surrounding rock and create a
particle size suitable for subsequent processing steps.
The process typically involves a series of crushing and grinding stages, each using specific machinery to achieve the desired particle size.

A

COMMINUTION

72
Q

significantly impacts the overall efficiency and cost-effectiveness of the processing process

A

COMMINUTION

73
Q

focuses on separating valuable minerals from the unwanted waste materials (gangue). This step
involves a range of techniques like gravity separation, flotation, magnetic separation, and leaching, each suited to different types of minerals and their properties.

A

CONCENTRATION

74
Q

The goal is to produce a concentrated product enriched in valuable minerals, while minimizing
the amount of waste generated, leading to a more efficient and environmentally friendly process.

A

CONCENTRATION

75
Q

removes excess water from the
concentrated mineral product. This step involves a combination of filtration and sedimentation processes to separate the solid minerals from the
water.

A

DEWATERING

76
Q

its final stage typically involves drying the concentrated product, ensuring it is ready for further processing or direct use. This stage is crucial for minimizing transportation costs and ensuring the product’s quality.

A

DEWATERING

77
Q

Sustainability in Mining: Balancing
Resource Extraction and Environmental Protection

A

Responsible Mining Practices
Reclamation and Rehabilitation
Community Engagement
Circular Economy Principles

78
Q

Sustainable mining prioritizes
responsible practices that minimize
environmental impacts, conserve
resources, and ensure the well-being of local communities. This involves implementing technologies and techniques that reduce waste
generation, minimize water
consumption, and enhance air quality.

A

Responsible Mining Practices

79
Q

involves restoring mined land to a productive state, often through revegetation, soil restoration, and the creation of wildlife habitat.

A

RECLAMATION

80
Q

efforts aim to mitigate the
environmental impacts of mining
and create a more sustainable
landscape.

A

REHABILITATION

81
Q

Sustainable mining adopts circular
economy principles, promoting resource efficiency and minimizing waste. This involves recycling, reusing, and recovering materials from mine waste, reducing the need for new extraction
and promoting a more circular approach to resource management

A

Circular Economy Principles

82
Q

Steel production, construction, transportation

A

IRON

83
Q

Electrical wiring, plumbing, electronics

A

COPPER

84
Q

Aerospace, automotive, packaging

A

ALUMINUM

85
Q

Jewelry, electronics, dentistry

A

GOLD

86
Q

Computer chips, solar panels, glass

A

SILICON

87
Q

Batteries, electric vehicles, electronics

A

LITHIUM

88
Q

________ Are the building blocks of our modern world. They provide the raw materials for countless products and technologies that we rely on daily. From the smartphones in our pockets to the buildings we live in, minerals are

A

MINERALS

89
Q

BUILDING BLOCKS OF FOSSIL FUELS

A
  1. ORGANIC MATTER
  2. SEDIMENTATION
  3. HEAT AND PRESSURE
  4. TIME
90
Q

remains of plants and animals that died millions of years ago

A

Fossil Fuels

91
Q

Fossil fuels are the world’s primary energy source that provide most of the energy support in ______, _______, and _________.

A

transportation, electricity, and industries

92
Q
  • natural and finite resources that are very abundant
  • cheaper cost production compare to other resources present on Earth
  • non-renewable energy source
A

Fossil Fuels

93
Q

Three Types of Fossil Fuels

A
  1. Coal
  2. Oil
  3. Natural Gas
94
Q

primary fossil fuel present on Earth

A

Coal

95
Q

predominantly location of coal before being buried and compressed millions of years ago

A

Forest Trees, Plants and Marshes

96
Q

Approximate percentage of Philippines that uses coal resource to produce energy and electricit

A

50%

97
Q

Four major ranks of coal

A
  1. Anthracite Coal
  2. Bituminous Coal
  3. Subbituminous Coal
  4. Lignite / Brown Coal
98
Q

Highest rank of coal

A

Anthracite Coal

99
Q

hard, brittle, and black lustrous coal, often referred to as hard coal, containing a high percentage of fixed carbon and a low percentage of volatile matter

A

Anthracite Coal

100
Q

high heating value and is the most common type of coal used in electricity generation

A

Bituminous Coal

101
Q

shiny and smooth at first glance, but when you look closely, you will see that it has layers

A

Bituminous Coal

102
Q

black in color and dull, and has a higher heating value than lignite

A

Subbituminous Coal

103
Q

also known as brown coal

A

Lignite

104
Q

lowest grade coal with the least concentration of carbon

A

Lignite

105
Q

organic material, mostly algae, which was buried in mud at the bottom of the sea and lakes

A

Oil

106
Q

used mainly for the production of transportation fuels and petroleum-based products

A

Oil

107
Q

Countries where Philippines imports Crude Oil and Petroleum 133 from

A

Saudi Arabia and Russia

108
Q

Majority of Markets of oil in the Philippines

A

Petron Corporation
Pilipinas Shell
Chevron Philippines

109
Q

naturally occurring hydrocarbon gas with the mixture of methane

A

Natural Gas

110
Q

Earth’s cleanest fossil fuel and is odorless and colorless in its natural state

A

Natural Gas

111
Q

Type of rock formation where natural gas are produced from by forcing chemicals, water, and sand down a well under high pressure

A

Sedimentary Rock Formation

112
Q

Philippines’ main domestic source of energy which is located at Palawan Island

A

Malampaya Natural Gas

113
Q

HOW ARE FOSSIL FUELS FORMED?

A
  1. COAL FORMATION
  2. OIL FORMATION
  3. NATURAL GAS FORMATION
114
Q

ADVANTAGES OF FOSSIL FUELS

A

➢ High Energy Density
➢ Reliability
➢ Established Infrastructure:
➢ Economic Benefits
➢ Versatility

115
Q

DISADVANTAGES OF FOSSIL FUELS

A

➢ Environmental Pollution
➢ Greenhouse Gas Emissions
➢ Non-Renewable
➢ Environmental Degradation
➢ Geopolitical Issues
➢ Health Risks

116
Q

THE IMPORTANCE OF CONSERVATION

A

REDUCE CONSUMPTION
INVEST IN RENEWABLES
PROMOTE SUSTAINABLE PRACTICES
SUPPORT POLICY CHANGES

117
Q

Individuals and businesses can make conscious choices to reduce their fossil fuel consumption, such
as driving less, using public transportation, and improving energy efficiency.

A

REDUCE CONSUMPTIONS

118
Q

Investing in renewable energy sources, such as solar and wind power, can help reduce reliance on fossil fuels and contribute to a cleaner energy future.

A

INVEST IN RENEWABLES

119
Q

Promoting sustainable practices, such as recycling and reducing waste, can help conserve resources and minimize environmental impact.

A

PROMOTE SUSTAINABLE PRACTICES

120
Q

Advocating for policies that promote renewable energy, carbon pricing, and energy efficiency can create a more sustainable energy system.

A

SUPPORT POLICY CHANGES

121
Q

type of energy that is dynamic, transferable and can be converted into useful forms

A

Heat

122
Q

product of random motion of particles that are continuously colliding and vibrating

A

Heat

123
Q

heat energy from the earth

A

GEOTHERMAL ENERGY

124
Q

heat from the earth’s core due to the slow decay of radioactive substances

A

Geothermal Energy

125
Q

a source of supply, support, or aid, especially one that can be readily
drawn upon when needed

A

RESOURCES

126
Q

one of the oldest and largest sources of renewable energy, which uses the natural flow of moving water to generate electricity.

A

HYDROELECTRIC POWER

127
Q

“ability to do work, which is the ability to exert a force causing
displacement of an object.

A

ENERGY

128
Q

a place where something is kept in store

A

RESERVOIRS

129
Q

supply electrical power during a power outage and prevent
discontinuity of daily activities or disruption of business operations.

A

GENERATOR

130
Q

heat generated beneath the ground

A

Geothermal Energy

131
Q

The word geothermal comes
from the Greek words ______
(earth) and _______ (heat).

A

GEO
THERME

132
Q

IS GEOTHERMAL RENEWABLE OR NON-RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCE?

A

RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCE because heat is continuously
produced inside the earth

133
Q

USES OF GEOTHERMAL HEAT

A

BATHING
HEATING BUILDINGS
GENERATING ELECTRICITY

134
Q

How does geothermal energy works

A

STEPS
1. Wells are drilled
2. the drop in pressure
causes the hot water to turn
into steam.
3. The steam spins a
turbine
4. steamcondenses back to the
water
5. The cooled water is
pumped back

135
Q

Wells are drilled deep
into the earth to pump
steam or hot water in the
surface.

A

STEP 1

136
Q

When the water reaches the
surface, the drop in pressure
causes the hot water to turn
into steam.

A

STEP 2

137
Q

The steam spins a
turbine, which is connected to a generator that produces electricity.

A

STEP 3

138
Q

The cooling tower cools the steam which condenses back to the water

A

STEP 4

139
Q

The cooled water is pumped back into the Earth to begin the process
again

A

STEP 5

140
Q

required miles to drill deep to pump steam or hot water into the surface

A

1 to 2 miles

141
Q

if Geothermal is Ground as for Hydrothermal is ?

A

Water

142
Q

Required temperature for Geothermal sources

A

300 F - 700 F

143
Q

Earth’s constant temperature below the ground

A

50F - 60F

144
Q

Geothermal power plants
apply hydrothermal
resources that have both ______ and ________

A

water (hydro) and heat (thermal)

145
Q

example of geothermal power plant in the Philippines

A

Malitbog Geothermal Power Plant

146
Q

3 Basic types of Geothermal Power Plants

A

Dry Steam Plant
Flash Steam Plants
Binary Cycle Plants

147
Q

sips directly hot steam beneath the ground through pipes to mobilize generator turbines

A

Dry Steam Plants

148
Q

first geothermal power plant was built in

A

1904 in Tuscany, Italy

149
Q

pipes high pressure hot water from geothermal reservoir and convert it into steam that turn generator turbines to produce electricity

A

Flash Steam Plants

150
Q

When the steam cools, it condenses to water and is injected back into the ground to be used again. Most geothermal power plants are _______

A

FLASH STEAM PLANTS

151
Q

has a system that transfers heat from hot water sipped miles deep to other liquid

A

Binary Cycle Plants

152
Q

exceedingly high temperature from geothermal water changes the other liquid into steam to drive the generator turbines

A

Binary Cycle Plants

153
Q

2 things that affect the efficiency of the power plant to generate electricity

A

Volume (density)
Steepness of the Slope (Gravity)

154
Q

Does Geothermal heat pumps reduce the use of energy sources?

A

Yes because they do not burn fossil fuels to generate electricity

155
Q

It is a method of generating electricity by harnessing the energy of moving or falling water.

A

HYDROELECTRIC POWER

156
Q

It works by channeling water through a large pipe called a penstock, which directs the flow to a turbine. The force of the water turns the turbine’s blades, causing it to spin. This spinning motion drives a generator, which converts the mechanical energy into electrical energy.

A

HYDROELECTRIC POWER

157
Q

EXAMPLES OF HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANT

A

KALAYAAN
SAN ROQUE-AGNO
MAGAT
PULANGI IV
ANGAT MAIN

158
Q

3 MAIN TYPES OF HYDRO PLANTS

A

Impoundment Facilities
Pumped Storage Facilities
Run-of-river Facilities

159
Q

The most common technology which uses a dam to create a large reservoir of water. Electricity is made when water passes through turbines in the dam.

A

IMPOUNDMENT FACILITIES

160
Q

Similar with Impound Facilities but have a second reservoir below the dam. Water can be pumped from the lower reservoir to the upper reservoir, storing energy for use later.

A

PUMPED STORAGE FACILITIES

161
Q

It rely more on natural water flow rates, diverting just a portion of river water through turbines, sometimes without the use of a dam or reservoirs.

A

RUN-OF-RIVER FACILITIES

162
Q

Since run-of-river hydro is subject to natural water variability, it is more intermittent than dammed hydro.

A

RUN-OF-RIVER FACILITIES

163
Q

ADVANTAGES OF HYDROELECTRIC POWERPLANTS

A

RENEWABLE ENERGY
FLEXIBILITY
AFFORDABLE
OFFERS RECREATIONAL ACTIVITIES
CLEAN SOURCE OF ENERGY

164
Q

DISADVANTAGES OF HYDROELECTRIC POWERPLANTS

A

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS
HIGH INITIAL CAPITAL
RISK OF DROUGHT

G11 STEM - 1ST SEM (15 decks)

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