EARTH SCI SUMMATIVE 3 Flashcards
Importance of Minerals to Society
➢ Economic Development
➢ Technological Advancement
➢ National Security
➢ Quality of life
Minerals such as iron, calcium, zinc, and magnesium are vital for a healthy body. They play roles in everything from blood production to bone health.
ESSENTIAL NUTRIENTS
Minerals like granite, marble, and limestone are used to build roads, buildings, and other infrastructure.
CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS
Minerals are used to produce various industrial products, from aluminum to steel to electronics.
INDUSTRIAL USES
Minerals like uranium, lithium, and cobalt are essential for power generation.
ENERGY SOURCES
prevents tooth decay
by protecting teeth from acids in the mouth.
FLUORIDE IN TOOTHPASTE
Stainless steel kitchenware contains an _________________, making it durable and noncorrosive.
ALLOY OF IRON AND CHROMIUM
are used in components of gadgets like cellphones and computers.
SILICON, SILVER AND GOLD
is widely used in electrical wiring due to its affordability.
COPPER
is used in skyscrapers for its
durability.
IRON STEEL
provides strength and stability
to buildings
CONCRETE, containing LIMESTONE, LIME, CHALK
Glass made of _______ or ________ and _______ for floors, and ________ for window and door panels are
also used in construction.
SILICA
QUARTZ
GRANITE
MARBLE
ALUMINUM
a strong and lightweight metal, is
used in medical and dental tools due to its biocompatibility.
TITANIUM
is used in plaster casts for
immobilizing broken bones
GYPSUM
used in surgical instruments
ALLOYS
MINERALS IN ENERGY PRODUCTION
- NUCLEAR POWER
- ELECTRIC CAR BATTERIES
- DRY CELL BATTERIES
Radioactive minerals like Uranium are used as a heat source in nuclear reactors to generate electricity.
NUCLEAR POWER
Minerals like lithium, cobalt, and nickel are essential components of ____________
ELECTRIC CAR BATTERIES
Zinc, carbon, cadmium, lead, and nickel are used in the manufacture of various ___________
DRY CELL BATTERIES
MINERALS IN AGRICULTURE
NPK FERTILIZERS
LIME
NPK MEANING
NITROGEN PHOSPHOROUS POTASSIUM
LIME
CALCIUM CARBONATE
Vital minerals for plant growth
NPK FERTILIZERS
Used to lower soil acidity
LIME
MINERALS IN PHARMACEUTICALS
CALCIUM
MAGNESIUM & ZINC
helps the body develop strong
and healthy bones.
CALCIUM
support a healthy immune system.
MAGNESIUM & ZINC
OTHER IMPORTANT MINERALS
KAOLINITE
HEMATITE
MICA
LAPIS LAZULI (ROCK)
CALCITE
GARNET
SERPENTINE
OPAL
RUBY (GEMSTONE)
EMERALD (GEMSTONE)
also known as “China clay”
KAOLINITE
important material in the manufacture of porcelain,
paper, rubber, and paint
KAOLINITE
Soft and white
KAOLINITE
Red iron ore with high iron content
HEMATITE
a pigmenting agent used in preparations for heavy media separation, radiation shielding, ballast, and as a minor gemstone.
HEMATITE
flat, translucent and elastic mineral
MICA
contains high amount of silica
MICA
ingredient in makeup and various cosmetics.
MICA
widely used as gemstone
LAPIS LAZULLI (ROCK)
semiprecious stone with
deep blue color that contains lazurite mineral
LAPIS LAZULI (ROCK)
natural form of Calcium
carbonate
CALCITE
constitutes the sedimentary rock
Limestone
CALCITE
used as ingredient in
manufacture of cement
CALCITE
used as flux in metallurgical processes
CALCITE
translucent and has a
vitreous to resinous lusters
GARNET
used as gemstone and used widely as an abrasive
GARNET
has patterned appearance, slippery and colored green
SERPENTINE
used as gemstone and as stone decoration in architecture
SERPENTINE
a silica mineral with variety of colors from the yellows and reds due to impurities.
OPAL
used as gemstone and as
abrasives, insulation media, fillers, and ceramic ingredients.
OPAL
composed of transparent
red corundum mineral
RUBY
with deep cochineal to pale rose red color
RUBY
used as gemstone in any
kind of jewelry
RUBY
variety of beryl mineral with grass-green color
EMERALD
used as gemstone in any kind of jewelry
EMERALD
TWO METHODS OF MINING
SURFACE MINING
UNDERGROUND MINING
used to extract ore minerals near the surfac of the earth. The soil and
rocks that covered the ores are removed through blasting.
SURFACE MINING
TYPES OF SURFACE MINING
OPEN PIT MINING
STRIP MINING
DREDGING
MOUNTAIN TOP
PILCER
the most prevalent form of surface mining, involves excavating a large, open hole in the ground to reach the desired ore deposits.
OPEN PIT MINING
is often employed for extracting large quantities of materials like gravel, sand, and even rock. Explosives and drilling are crucial in creating the pit and accessing the valuable resources.
OPEN PIT MINING
another common surface
mining technique, involves removing a thin layer of overburden, the earth or soil covering the desired deposit.
STRIP MINING
is frequently employed for extracting coal, phosphates,
clays, and tar.
STRIP MINING
involves extracting materials from the bottom of bodies of water,
including rivers, lakes, and oceans
DREDGING
This technique utilizes specialized
machinery, such as dredges, to scoop up sediments and minerals from the seabed.
DREDGING
is essential for obtaining materials like sand, gravel, and minerals, but it can also be used for deepening waterways, creating artificial islands, and managing sediment buildup.
DREDGING
used to extract the rocks,
minerals and other precious
stones that can be found
beneath the earth’s surface.
UNDERGROUND MINING
miners need to create a tunnel so they can reach the ore minerals.
UNDERGROUND MINING
Mineral Processing: Transforming Raw Ore into Valuable Materials
SAMPLING
ANALYSIS
COMMINUTION
CONCENTRATION
DEWATERING
a crucial step to understand the composition and properties of the ore. This involves collecting representative samples from different parts of the ore deposit, ensuring an accurate reflection of the whole
SAMPLING
provides detailed insights into the composition of the ore, including its chemical makeup, mineral content, and particle size; provides a foundation for selecting appropriate processing
methods
ANALYSIS
__________helps determine the concentrations of valuable minerals and potential contaminants. __________identifies the different minerals present, while particle size analysis is crucial for optimizing crushing and grinding processes.
CHEMICAL ANALYSIS
MINERAL ANALYSIS
involves reducing the size of the ore through crushing and grinding.
COMMINUTION
This stage aims to liberate
valuable minerals from the surrounding rock and create a
particle size suitable for subsequent processing steps.
The process typically involves a series of crushing and grinding stages, each using specific machinery to achieve the desired particle size.
COMMINUTION
significantly impacts the overall efficiency and cost-effectiveness of the processing process
COMMINUTION
focuses on separating valuable minerals from the unwanted waste materials (gangue). This step
involves a range of techniques like gravity separation, flotation, magnetic separation, and leaching, each suited to different types of minerals and their properties.
CONCENTRATION
The goal is to produce a concentrated product enriched in valuable minerals, while minimizing
the amount of waste generated, leading to a more efficient and environmentally friendly process.
CONCENTRATION
removes excess water from the
concentrated mineral product. This step involves a combination of filtration and sedimentation processes to separate the solid minerals from the
water.
DEWATERING
its final stage typically involves drying the concentrated product, ensuring it is ready for further processing or direct use. This stage is crucial for minimizing transportation costs and ensuring the product’s quality.
DEWATERING
Sustainability in Mining: Balancing
Resource Extraction and Environmental Protection
Responsible Mining Practices
Reclamation and Rehabilitation
Community Engagement
Circular Economy Principles
Sustainable mining prioritizes
responsible practices that minimize
environmental impacts, conserve
resources, and ensure the well-being of local communities. This involves implementing technologies and techniques that reduce waste
generation, minimize water
consumption, and enhance air quality.
Responsible Mining Practices
involves restoring mined land to a productive state, often through revegetation, soil restoration, and the creation of wildlife habitat.
RECLAMATION
efforts aim to mitigate the
environmental impacts of mining
and create a more sustainable
landscape.
REHABILITATION
Sustainable mining adopts circular
economy principles, promoting resource efficiency and minimizing waste. This involves recycling, reusing, and recovering materials from mine waste, reducing the need for new extraction
and promoting a more circular approach to resource management
Circular Economy Principles
Steel production, construction, transportation
IRON
Electrical wiring, plumbing, electronics
COPPER
Aerospace, automotive, packaging
ALUMINUM
Jewelry, electronics, dentistry
GOLD
Computer chips, solar panels, glass
SILICON
Batteries, electric vehicles, electronics
LITHIUM
________ Are the building blocks of our modern world. They provide the raw materials for countless products and technologies that we rely on daily. From the smartphones in our pockets to the buildings we live in, minerals are
MINERALS
BUILDING BLOCKS OF FOSSIL FUELS
- ORGANIC MATTER
- SEDIMENTATION
- HEAT AND PRESSURE
- TIME
remains of plants and animals that died millions of years ago
Fossil Fuels
Fossil fuels are the world’s primary energy source that provide most of the energy support in ______, _______, and _________.
transportation, electricity, and industries
- natural and finite resources that are very abundant
- cheaper cost production compare to other resources present on Earth
- non-renewable energy source
Fossil Fuels
Three Types of Fossil Fuels
- Coal
- Oil
- Natural Gas
primary fossil fuel present on Earth
Coal
predominantly location of coal before being buried and compressed millions of years ago
Forest Trees, Plants and Marshes
Approximate percentage of Philippines that uses coal resource to produce energy and electricit
50%
Four major ranks of coal
- Anthracite Coal
- Bituminous Coal
- Subbituminous Coal
- Lignite / Brown Coal
Highest rank of coal
Anthracite Coal
hard, brittle, and black lustrous coal, often referred to as hard coal, containing a high percentage of fixed carbon and a low percentage of volatile matter
Anthracite Coal
high heating value and is the most common type of coal used in electricity generation
Bituminous Coal
shiny and smooth at first glance, but when you look closely, you will see that it has layers
Bituminous Coal
black in color and dull, and has a higher heating value than lignite
Subbituminous Coal
also known as brown coal
Lignite
lowest grade coal with the least concentration of carbon
Lignite
organic material, mostly algae, which was buried in mud at the bottom of the sea and lakes
Oil
used mainly for the production of transportation fuels and petroleum-based products
Oil
Countries where Philippines imports Crude Oil and Petroleum 133 from
Saudi Arabia and Russia
Majority of Markets of oil in the Philippines
Petron Corporation
Pilipinas Shell
Chevron Philippines
naturally occurring hydrocarbon gas with the mixture of methane
Natural Gas
Earth’s cleanest fossil fuel and is odorless and colorless in its natural state
Natural Gas
Type of rock formation where natural gas are produced from by forcing chemicals, water, and sand down a well under high pressure
Sedimentary Rock Formation
Philippines’ main domestic source of energy which is located at Palawan Island
Malampaya Natural Gas
HOW ARE FOSSIL FUELS FORMED?
- COAL FORMATION
- OIL FORMATION
- NATURAL GAS FORMATION
ADVANTAGES OF FOSSIL FUELS
➢ High Energy Density
➢ Reliability
➢ Established Infrastructure:
➢ Economic Benefits
➢ Versatility
DISADVANTAGES OF FOSSIL FUELS
➢ Environmental Pollution
➢ Greenhouse Gas Emissions
➢ Non-Renewable
➢ Environmental Degradation
➢ Geopolitical Issues
➢ Health Risks
THE IMPORTANCE OF CONSERVATION
REDUCE CONSUMPTION
INVEST IN RENEWABLES
PROMOTE SUSTAINABLE PRACTICES
SUPPORT POLICY CHANGES
Individuals and businesses can make conscious choices to reduce their fossil fuel consumption, such
as driving less, using public transportation, and improving energy efficiency.
REDUCE CONSUMPTIONS
Investing in renewable energy sources, such as solar and wind power, can help reduce reliance on fossil fuels and contribute to a cleaner energy future.
INVEST IN RENEWABLES
Promoting sustainable practices, such as recycling and reducing waste, can help conserve resources and minimize environmental impact.
PROMOTE SUSTAINABLE PRACTICES
Advocating for policies that promote renewable energy, carbon pricing, and energy efficiency can create a more sustainable energy system.
SUPPORT POLICY CHANGES
type of energy that is dynamic, transferable and can be converted into useful forms
Heat
product of random motion of particles that are continuously colliding and vibrating
Heat
heat energy from the earth
GEOTHERMAL ENERGY
heat from the earth’s core due to the slow decay of radioactive substances
Geothermal Energy
a source of supply, support, or aid, especially one that can be readily
drawn upon when needed
RESOURCES
one of the oldest and largest sources of renewable energy, which uses the natural flow of moving water to generate electricity.
HYDROELECTRIC POWER
“ability to do work, which is the ability to exert a force causing
displacement of an object.
ENERGY
a place where something is kept in store
RESERVOIRS
supply electrical power during a power outage and prevent
discontinuity of daily activities or disruption of business operations.
GENERATOR
heat generated beneath the ground
Geothermal Energy
The word geothermal comes
from the Greek words ______
(earth) and _______ (heat).
GEO
THERME
IS GEOTHERMAL RENEWABLE OR NON-RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCE?
RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCE because heat is continuously
produced inside the earth
USES OF GEOTHERMAL HEAT
BATHING
HEATING BUILDINGS
GENERATING ELECTRICITY
How does geothermal energy works
STEPS
1. Wells are drilled
2. the drop in pressure
causes the hot water to turn
into steam.
3. The steam spins a
turbine
4. steamcondenses back to the
water
5. The cooled water is
pumped back
Wells are drilled deep
into the earth to pump
steam or hot water in the
surface.
STEP 1
When the water reaches the
surface, the drop in pressure
causes the hot water to turn
into steam.
STEP 2
The steam spins a
turbine, which is connected to a generator that produces electricity.
STEP 3
The cooling tower cools the steam which condenses back to the water
STEP 4
The cooled water is pumped back into the Earth to begin the process
again
STEP 5
required miles to drill deep to pump steam or hot water into the surface
1 to 2 miles
if Geothermal is Ground as for Hydrothermal is ?
Water
Required temperature for Geothermal sources
300 F - 700 F
Earth’s constant temperature below the ground
50F - 60F
Geothermal power plants
apply hydrothermal
resources that have both ______ and ________
water (hydro) and heat (thermal)
example of geothermal power plant in the Philippines
Malitbog Geothermal Power Plant
3 Basic types of Geothermal Power Plants
Dry Steam Plant
Flash Steam Plants
Binary Cycle Plants
sips directly hot steam beneath the ground through pipes to mobilize generator turbines
Dry Steam Plants
first geothermal power plant was built in
1904 in Tuscany, Italy
pipes high pressure hot water from geothermal reservoir and convert it into steam that turn generator turbines to produce electricity
Flash Steam Plants
When the steam cools, it condenses to water and is injected back into the ground to be used again. Most geothermal power plants are _______
FLASH STEAM PLANTS
has a system that transfers heat from hot water sipped miles deep to other liquid
Binary Cycle Plants
exceedingly high temperature from geothermal water changes the other liquid into steam to drive the generator turbines
Binary Cycle Plants
2 things that affect the efficiency of the power plant to generate electricity
Volume (density)
Steepness of the Slope (Gravity)
Does Geothermal heat pumps reduce the use of energy sources?
Yes because they do not burn fossil fuels to generate electricity
It is a method of generating electricity by harnessing the energy of moving or falling water.
HYDROELECTRIC POWER
It works by channeling water through a large pipe called a penstock, which directs the flow to a turbine. The force of the water turns the turbine’s blades, causing it to spin. This spinning motion drives a generator, which converts the mechanical energy into electrical energy.
HYDROELECTRIC POWER
EXAMPLES OF HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANT
KALAYAAN
SAN ROQUE-AGNO
MAGAT
PULANGI IV
ANGAT MAIN
3 MAIN TYPES OF HYDRO PLANTS
Impoundment Facilities
Pumped Storage Facilities
Run-of-river Facilities
The most common technology which uses a dam to create a large reservoir of water. Electricity is made when water passes through turbines in the dam.
IMPOUNDMENT FACILITIES
Similar with Impound Facilities but have a second reservoir below the dam. Water can be pumped from the lower reservoir to the upper reservoir, storing energy for use later.
PUMPED STORAGE FACILITIES
It rely more on natural water flow rates, diverting just a portion of river water through turbines, sometimes without the use of a dam or reservoirs.
RUN-OF-RIVER FACILITIES
Since run-of-river hydro is subject to natural water variability, it is more intermittent than dammed hydro.
RUN-OF-RIVER FACILITIES
ADVANTAGES OF HYDROELECTRIC POWERPLANTS
RENEWABLE ENERGY
FLEXIBILITY
AFFORDABLE
OFFERS RECREATIONAL ACTIVITIES
CLEAN SOURCE OF ENERGY
DISADVANTAGES OF HYDROELECTRIC POWERPLANTS
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS
HIGH INITIAL CAPITAL
RISK OF DROUGHT
