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DWT > RNA Viruses 2: Orthmyxoviridae, Coronaviridaes > Flashcards

RNA Viruses 2: Orthmyxoviridae, Coronaviridaes Flashcards

1
Q

What is Orthomyxoviridae?

A

influenza

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2
Q

Orthomyxoviridae virus type?

A

SSRNA, NEGSense, Enveloped, Helical

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3
Q

Special characteristics of Orthomyxoviridae genome

A

SSRNA NEGSense- Segmented
Can perform Reassortment.

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4
Q

What is Reassortment?

A

Only occurs in RNA viruses with segmented genomes- Random mixing of the various segments when a cell is infected multiple viruses

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5
Q

What is the outcome of reasortment

A

-Rapid antigenic shifts in the influenza virus
- Point mutation result in new strains

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6
Q

Orthomyxoviridae has what type of VAP?

A

Spike proteins

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7
Q

What is Orthomyxoviridae?

A

influenza

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8
Q

What is hemagglutinin?

A

Spike protein on influenza virus- Responsible for virus attachment and envelope fusion

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9
Q

What is neuraminidase?

A

Spike protein on influenza virus capable of cleaving viral receptors, degrading mucus and promoting both entry and release of virions from host cells.

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10
Q

What is the reservoir of orthomyxoviridae?

A

aquatic birds

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11
Q

What are the hosts of orthomyxoviridae?

A

Birds, marine mammals, swine, horses, human, dogs

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12
Q

What species is the influenza reassortment host? Why?

A

Swine
Bc human and avian viruses replicate well in swine

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13
Q

What does orthomyxoviridae replicate in birds?

A

Gastrointestinal tract

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14
Q

How does orthomyxoviridae transmit from birds?

A

LPAI transmission by fecal-oral

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15
Q

How does human contact of AI occur?

A

Close contact and poor hygiene

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16
Q

When did HPAI appears in the US?

A

2014

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17
Q

What happened with avian influenza in 2020?

A

LPAI appeared in NC and spread to SC then mutated to HPAI

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18
Q

How to get rid of HPAI?

A

Culling

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19
Q

Risk factors of spread of HPAI

A
  • Contact between wild and domestic birds
  • live bird markets
  • close contact between humans and infected poultry
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20
Q

Equine influenza is what type of virus?

A

Type A influenza
- orthomyxoviridae

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21
Q

Equine influenza susceptible population?

A

1-5 yr old horses

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22
Q

Equine influenza outbreaks are associated with what?

A
  • Shows
  • Sales
  • Racing
  • Training
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23
Q

Equine influenza clinical signs

A

Cough
high fever (106)
Nasal discharge

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24
Q

Equine influenza transmission?

A

aerosol or fomites

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25
Q

Equine influenza replication site?

A

epithelial cells in Upper respiratory tracts

Leading to rhinitis and tracheitis

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26
Q

Swine influenza is what type of flu and what virus?

A

Type A and C
Orthomyxoviridae

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27
Q

Swine influenza clincial signs

A

cough
high fever
nasal discharge
Sometimes abortion

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28
Q

In what species does flu lead to abortion?

A

Swine

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29
Q

Swine influenza transmission?

A

Direct contact
areosol

30
Q

Swine influenza replication site?

A

epithelial cells in Upper respiratory tracts

Leading to rhinitis and tracheitis

31
Q

What is canine influenza thought to come from?

A

H3N8 (equine lineage)
H3N2 (avian lineage)
both nutated to allow dog-dog spread

32
Q

What is the infectious/incubation period of canine influenza?

A

2-4 days before onset of clinical signs

33
Q

canine influenza replication sites?

A

Epithelium of upper respiratory tract including nasal mucosa and bronchioles

leads to rhinitis, tracheitis, bronchitis, and bronchiolitis

34
Q

canine influenza clinical signs

A

cough
high fever
and nasal discharge

35
Q

What is copy-choice recombination?

A

Occurs btwn +SSRNA viruses
- RNA polymerase switches between template strands during synthesis of the complimentary negative strand
- Leads to exceptionally high frequency of genetic recombination

36
Q

Types of coronaviridae?

A

Alphacoronavirus 1
Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV)
Betacoronavirus 1

37
Q

Types of alphacoronavirus 1?

A

Feline coronavirus
– Feline infectious peritonitis virus
Transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGE)
Canine coronavirus

38
Q

Types of betacoronavirus 1

A

Bovine coronavirus
Equine coronavirus
Canine respiratory coronavirus

39
Q

What leads to feline infectious peritonitis virus?

A
  • Feline enteric coronavirus shed from carrier cat and replicating in kittens
  • Recombination or mutation of spike
    -Productive infection in MONOCYTES AND MACROPHAGES
40
Q

Where does feline infectious peritonitis replicate?

A

Macrophages and monocytes

41
Q

What does feline infectious peritonitis lead to? (3 outcomes)

A
  • Inadequate cell-mediated immunity
  • ineffective cell-mediate immunity
  • Effective cell-mediated immunity
42
Q

What does inadequate cell mediated immunity of feline infectious peritonitis lead to?

A
  • B-cell activation of non-productive antibodies
  • Intermittent replication of feline infectious peritonitis (periodic shedding)
  • Immune-mediated vasculitis (Perivascular clusters of virus infected macrophages)
43
Q

What is immune-mediates vasculitis of feline infectious peritonitis?

A

Perivascular clusters of virus infected macrophages

44
Q

What does immune-mediated vasculitis of feline infectious peritonitis lead to?

A

Either
- Severe
- Moderate
infection of feline infectious peritonitis

45
Q

What does ineffective cell-mediates immunity of feline infectious peritonitis cause?

A
  • B-call activation of non-productive antibodies
  • CONTINUOUS replication of FIPV
  • Immune-mediated vasculitis (perivascular clusters of virus infected macrophages)
46
Q

What are the outcomes of severe feline infectious peritonitis?

A
  • marked vascular permeability
  • Effusive “wet” FIPV
  • Progressive fatal disease in WEEKS
47
Q

What are the outcomes of moderate feline infectious peritonitis?

A

-Pyogranulomatous lesions of intestines and kidneys
- Non-effusive “Dry” FIPV
- Progressive fatal disease in MONTHS

48
Q

What is the most appropriate ante-mortem test for FIPV?

A

Immunohistochemistry of biopsies of affected organs

49
Q

Is there a safe and effective vaccine for FIPV?

A

NO

50
Q

Does canine corona virus consistently cause disease?

A

No- very variable

51
Q

What are the types of canine coronavirus?

A

CCoV type 1
CCoV type 2

52
Q

What betacoronviridae is a genetically distinct version of the alphacoronaviridae- canine corona virus?

A

Canine respiratory coronavirus
-Mild respiratory disease particularly in kenneled dogs

53
Q

What is transmissible gastroenteritis (TGE)?

A

Highly contagious corona virus in young pigs
Alphacoronaviridae

54
Q

Where does transmissible gastroenteritis (TGE) occur?

A

Worldwide

55
Q

What is porcine respiratory coronavirus?

A

A relatively non-pathogenic respiratory variant of transmissible gastroenteritis (TGE)

56
Q

What does transmissible gastroenteritis (TGE) do?

A

Severely disrupts the digestion and cellular transport of nutrients

57
Q

What is the outcome of transmissible gastroenteritis (TGE)?

A

Fluid accumulation in the intestinal limen and SEVERE diarrhea

58
Q

transmissible gastroenteritis (TGE) in piglets?

A

Sudden onset and rapid spread.
- Almost 100% mortality

59
Q

What is bovine coronavirus?

A

Betacoronaviridae

60
Q

What does bovine coronavirus cause?

A
  • Calf diarrhea
  • Winter dysentery in adult house cattle
61
Q

What is winter dystenery?

A

highly contagious GI disorder that affects housed adult dairy cattle, primarily during winter. Clinical features include profuse diarrhea (sometimes accompanied by blood and mucus), a profound drop in milk production, variable anorexia and depression, and mild respiratory signs such as coughing.

62
Q

What is the average age of onset of bovine coronavirus in calves?

A

7-10 days

63
Q

How is bovine coronavirus transmitted?

A

Fecal-oral

64
Q

What does bovine coronavirus do to the small intestine?

A

Causes blunting, fusion, and necrosis of villi in SI

65
Q

What is equine coronavirus?

A

Betacoronavirus

66
Q

equine coronavirus clinical signs?

A

Usually subclinical
- Enteric disease in foals

67
Q

What leads to onsets of bovine and equine coronavirus?

A
  • Winter months (housed inside)
  • Stressed animals
  • Poor environmental conditions
68
Q

In general where does coronavirus replicate?

A

Respiratory epithelium

69
Q

in general what is the severity of corona virus in adults?

A

Mild

70
Q

in general what is the severity of corona virus in young?

A

Severe

71
Q

In what species does coronavirus cause the worst diarrhea?

A

piglets and calves

72
Q

What does feline enteric coronavirus mutate into?

A

feline infectious peritonitis

DWT (28 decks)

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