Eryhthrocytosis Flashcards
What does erythrocytosis mean?
Increase in red blood cells
Types of erythrocytosis?
Relative
Absolute
What is relative erythrocytosis?
Amount of RBC appears to increase relatively to something else going on.
Types of relative erythroytosis?
- Hemoconcentration
- Redistribution
What s relative erthrocytosis hemoconcentration?
- Dehydration or fluid shifts
– Loss of free water so is appears to have increased RBC concentration
What is redistribution relative erythrocytosis?
- Excitement
- Activation of the PNS causes splenic contractions and a temporary increase in RBC
types of absolute erythrocytosis?
Primary and secondary
What is Primary absolute erythrocytosis?
Polycythemia from neoplasia of RBA
Polycythemia definition
Erythrocytosis
What is secondary absolute erythrocytosis?
- Increased EPO
Causes of increased EPO?
- Appropriate
- Inappropriate
Appropriate increased EPO causes
- Low FiO2 (Fraction inspired oxygen; i.e. living in a low O2 environment)
- R to L shunt bypassing the lung
Inappropriate increased EPO causes
- EPO secreting tumor
Lab results expected to be seen from hemoconcentration?
- increased total proteins
– Hyperalbuminenia or hyperglobinemia - Hypernatremia and hyperchloremia
- increased urine specific gravity
- Azotemia (increased waste products (urea) in blood
Lab results expected to be seen from excitement?
- mild neutrophilia
- mild lymphocytosis
- mild hyperglycemia
- mild thrombosis
What are purple top tubes?
EDTA: chelates calcium = anticoagulant
What are red top tubes?
Clooting tubes- plain
What is in blood plasma?
Proteins and fluids
Proteins: Fibrinogen, Coag factors, albumin
What is serum
Plamsa - fibrinogen
WHERE DOES FIBRINOGEN COME FROM?
liver
Is fibrinogen soluble?
yes
What is the function of fibrinogen?
- Becomes an insoluble protein (Fibrin)
- Homeostasis
- Reacts to inflammation
What is the normal homeostasis of clotting ability?
The ability of fibrinogen to become fibrin and perform normal clotting
How does fibrinogen become fibrin?
- Injury stimulates immediate contraction to slow BF
- Contraction stimulates von Willebrand factor to injury site
- Von Willebrand facotr stimulates platelets to site and platelet adhesion/recruitment begins forms
- Platelet recruitment activates tissue factor
- Tissue factor activates coagulation pathway
- Coag pathway stimulates fibrinogen to fibrin
- Fibrin links together platelets to form a solid clot
How is clotting stopped?
- Healing endothelial cells release plasminogen activator (PA)
- PA activates plasmin to stop clotting activity
Pieces involved in primary homeostasis?
Primary platelet plug:
- von Willebrand factors
- Platelets
Pieces involved in Secondary Hemostasis?
Secondary platelet plug:
- Tissue factor
- Coagulation cascade
Pieces involved in Fibrinolysis?
Deactivation of clotting:
- Plasminogen activator
- Plasmin
What are positive acute phase proteins?
Proteins that serve as part of the innate immune system
Examples of positive acute phase protein
- Fibrinogen
- Hepcidin
What is Hyperfribrinogenemia?
Increased fibrin in the blood- only asses in LARGE ANIMALS
What is a fibrinogen blood ratio?
Plasma has part fibrinogen protein, part non-fibrinogen and water
Plasma protein:Fibrinogen
* Should be a large-ish number*
What is a normal fibrinogen blood ratio?
Ruminant: 10-15
Horse: 15-20
What happens to fibrinogen blood ration in dehydration?
- Free water loss causes the protein levels to be exaggerated
- Leads to an increase in the overall ratio
What is a fibrinogen blood ratio with dehydration?
Ruminant: >15
Horse: >20
What happens to fibrinogen blood ration in inflammation?
Levels of fibrinogen actually increase due to inflammation to the ration decreases
What is a fibrinogen blood ratio with inflammation?
Ruminant: <10
Horse: <15
Hepatic serosus is a cause fo what?
Hypoefribrinogenemia leading to liver failure
