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DWT > Immunology 3: Autoimmunity > Flashcards

Immunology 3: Autoimmunity Flashcards

1
Q

Autoimmunity

A

Inappropriate response of the immune system against self components.
- A breakdown of central tolerance or peripheral tolerance in B cells or T cells.

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2
Q

What types of hypersensitivity is autoimmunity related to?

A

ALL types
- Type 1,2,3,4

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3
Q

What is type 1 hypersensitivity of autoimmunity

A

Eosinophilic Esophagitis

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4
Q

What is type 2 hypersensitivity of autoimmunity

A

Autoimmune hemolytic anemia

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5
Q

What is type 3 hypersensitivity of autoimmunity

A

Systemic lupus erythematosus

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6
Q

What is type 4 hypersensitivity of autoimmunity

A

Type 1 diabetes

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7
Q

Two types of autoimmune thyroiditis

A

Attacking the thyroid
- Hypothyroidism
- Hyperthyroidism

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8
Q

What are autoimmune skin diseases?

A
  • Psoriasis (dry skin)
  • Pemphigus (bumps with fluid)
  • Vitiligo (Depigmentation)
  • All involve self antigens and are organ specific
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9
Q

What is autoimmune hemolytic anemia?

A
  • Organ-specific
  • IgG targeting RBC self-attacking.
    *Different from transfusion reaction.
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10
Q

Examples of non-organ specific

A

Systemic autoimmune disease
- Lupus
- Rheumatoid Arthritis
- Multiple sclerosis

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11
Q

Multiple sclerosis targets what?

A

-Targets myelin of CNS

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12
Q

Rheumatoid Arthritis affects what?

A

-affects joints, cardiovascular, neurological, renal

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13
Q

Sex bias of autoimmune disease?

A

Much more common in females

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14
Q

Is type 1 diabetes organ specific or organ non-specific?

A

Organ-specific

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15
Q

Difference between type 1 and type 2 diabetes

A

Type 1 is autoimmune disease
Type 2 is not

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16
Q

What is type 1 diabetes

A

Chronic autoimmune disease with strong inflammation

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17
Q

Type 1 diabetes stage one characteristics?

A
  • Induced by PRR (pattern recognition receptor) ligands triggers
  • Production of type 1 interferons (Anti-viral, inflammation promoting)
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18
Q

Type 1 diabetes stage two characteristics

A
  • Activation of macrophages and t-cells by type-1 interferons
  • Recruiting of pancreatic b cells in inflammation by macrophages
  • Amplification of inflammation
19
Q

Type 1 diabetes stage three characteristics

A

Maintenance or resolution depending on fate of b cells

20
Q

What is type 1 diabetes type 4 hypersensitivity?

A

Because it includes the t cell and b cell production

21
Q

Steps between communication of immune cells and pancreatic b cells

A
  1. activation of b cells via PRR
  2. Release of cytokines and chemokines that recruit and activate immune cells
  3. up-regulation of MHC-1 and activation of T cells
  4. Activation of b cell apoptosis and MHC-II presentation on APCs leading to more t cell activation
  5. Pro-inflammatory cytokines produced by immune cells to further activate b cells.
    ** Detrimental cycle of inflammation**
22
Q

How does inflammation affect b cells?`

A

Detrimental or beneficial

23
Q

Detrimental affects of inflammation onto b cells?

A
  • Suppression of B cell function
  • Continued B cell death
  • Maintenance of disease
24
Q

Beneficial affects of inflammation onto b cells.

A
  • Stimulus of B cell proliferation
  • For individual with mild insulitis, inflammation might resolve and normal b cell function can be regained
25
Q

Is lupus organ specific or non-organ specific?

A

Non-organ specific. It is a systemic issues.

26
Q

Systemic lupus erythematosus key concepts

A
  • 20 to 150 cases per 100,000
  • More common in women of childbearing age
  • Diverse manifestation
  • 50% of patients can get lupus nephritis (Leads to mortality)
  • Treated with non-selective immunosuppressants (Severe side-effects)
27
Q

Etiology of SLE?

A

** Exact cause is unknown **
Genetics
Environment
Hormones

28
Q

Genetics effects on SLE

A

The disease is not linked to a single gene. People with lups often have family members with autoimmune condition

29
Q

Environment effects of SLE

A

Triggers are UV light, Certain medication (affecting microbiome), viruses, physical or emotional stress, Trauma

30
Q

Hormones effects on SLE

A

Women of childbearing age most vulnerable

31
Q

Clinical sings/Diagnosis requirements of lupus

A

4/11 needed to diagnose
-Malar rash
-discoid rash
-Photosensitivity
-oral ulcers
-Arthritis
-Serositis
-Kidney disorder
-Neurological disorders
-Blood disorder
-Immunologic disorder
Abnormal antinuclear antibodies (can also naturally exist)

32
Q

Immunological mechanisms steps

A
  • Self DNA, cell death releases nucleic acids
  • Nucleic acid picked up by NETs of neutrophils
  • Triggers interferon response

-Nucleic acid can also be picked up by antibodies
-Forms immunocomplex (type 3 hypersensitivity)
-Recognized by Fc receptor on plasmacytoid dendritic receptor
-Stimulated more Type 1 interferon
- Type 1 IFN stimulated myeloid dendritic cells
- Myeloid dendritic cells stimulates T and B cells
- Leads to recruitment of inflammatory cells

33
Q

Three categories of autoimmune disease

A

-Genetic factors
-Immune regulation
-Environment factors

34
Q

What are genetic factors of autoimmune disease?

A

-HLA genes
- non-HLA genes
Genes on MHC that help code for self vs non-self antigens

35
Q

What are Environment factors of autoimmune disease

A
  • Drugs
  • Infection
    -Smoking
    -Hormones
    -nutrition
36
Q

What are the immune regulation factors of autoimmune disease

A

A breakdown of immunological self-tolerance

37
Q

What is self-tolerance?

A

A deficit response to self organs. (AKA lack of response)

38
Q

What is central tolerance?

A

Deletion of lymphocytes that react to self in the lymphoid organs (BONE MARROW and THYMUS)
- Attempt at regulation of lymphocytes that will attack self.

39
Q

What is peripheral tolerance?

A

Deletion of lymphocytes that recognize self-tissues in the periphery.
– Attempt at regulation of lymphocytes that will attack self.

40
Q

What happens upon activation of the autoimmune system?

A

May cause a vicious cycles of injury tissues causing more inflammatory responses

41
Q

Early stage autoimmune disease will have more of what kind of lymphocyte?

A

B cells

42
Q

Late stage autoimmune disease will have more of what kind of lymphocyte?

A

T cells

43
Q

Autoimmunity is caused by what type of cell

A

T helper 17- play an essential role in the clearance of extracellular pathogenic bacteria and fungi but can be directed toward self

44
Q

Autoimmunity is balance or “capped” by what type of cell?

A

Tolerance is mediated by Treg cells
-suppressing inflammatory events in an antigen-specific manner

DWT (28 decks)

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