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DWT > Clin Path 7: WBC Terminology and Neutrophil Physiology > Flashcards

Clin Path 7: WBC Terminology and Neutrophil Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

Identify the leukocyte morphology in this image

A
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2
Q

Explain medullary hematopoiesis from a blood stem cell into the different types of differentiated cells

A

blood stem cell to myeloid stem cell and lymphoid stem cell
myeloid stem cell to RBC, platelets, and myeloblasts
myeloblasts differentiate into WBC

lymphoid stem cell differentiates into lymphoblast which differentiates into a WBC

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3
Q

Name
Decrease in WBC
Increase in WBC

A

leukocytosis
leukopenia

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4
Q

Name
Decrease in lymphocytes
Increase in lymphocytes

A

lymphocytosis
lymphopenia

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5
Q

Name
Decrease in monocytes
Increase in monocytes

A

monocytosis
monocytopenia

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6
Q

Name
Decrease in neutrophils
Increase in neutrophils

A

neutrophilia
neutropenia

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7
Q

Name
Decrease in eosinophils
Increase in eosinophils

A

eosinophilia
eosinopenia

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8
Q

Name
Decrease in basophils
Increase in basophils

A

basophilia
basopenia

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9
Q

A dog has an increased leukocyte count due to an elevation in neutrophils and monocytes, but a decrease in lymphocytes. Use the correct terminology to describe the leukocyte abnormalities.

A

leukocytosis due to neutrophilia and monocytosis
with a concurrent lymphopenia

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10
Q

A cow has a decreased leukocyte count due to low numbers of neutrophils and lymphocytes. Use the correct terminology to describe the leukocyte abnormalities.

A

leukopenia due to neutropenia and lymphopenia

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11
Q

A cat has an increased leukocyte count due to increased numbers of lymphocytes, eosinophils, and basophils. Use the correct terminology to describe the leukocyte abnormalities.

A

leukocytosis due to lymphocytosis, eosinophilia, and basophilia

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12
Q

A dog has a normal leukocyte count with an increase in segmented neutrophils and band neutrophils but a decrease in lymphocytes, and eosinophils. Use the correct terminology to describe the leukocyte abnormalities.

A

Neutrophilia with a left shift, lymphopenia and eosinopenia

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13
Q

What is the WBC number in uL that is given from an analyzer?

A

10,000

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14
Q

Which should be used to interpret WBC count - relative or absolute?

A

absolute

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15
Q

If the relative differential count (%) of neutrophils is 60%, what is the absolute differential count?

A

60,000

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16
Q

If the relative differential count (%) of lymphocytes is 30%, what is the absolute differential count?

A

30,000

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17
Q

If the relative differential count (%) of eosinophils is 10%, what is the absolute differential count?

A

10,000

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18
Q

Why is it necessary to calculate a cWBC?

A

WBC impedance count counts nRBC toward WBC due to the analyzer seeing the nucleus

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19
Q

Which do you need to find a cWBC for - impedance count or optical count?

A

impedance

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20
Q

What is the cWBC equation?

A

WBC * 100/100+nRBC

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21
Q

In what case would you not need to find a cWBC?

A

if nRBC are WNL (<1-5)

22
Q

Find the absolute WBC counts

A
23
Q

Explain the basic sequence of neutrophil kinetics and the lengths of times associated with each

A

bone marrow (5 days) –> blood (10-12 hrs) –> tissue (<2 days)

24
Q

Which cells are associated with the proliferating bone marrow?

A

myeloblasts
promyeloblasts
myelocyte

25
Q

Which cells are associated with the maturation of bone marrow?

A

metamyelocytes
band
segmented

26
Q

In the blood, explain circulating vs marginal cells

A

circulating are free floating in the blood vs marginal are adhered to endothelial cells by selectins

27
Q

When pulling blood which cells will be sampled, circulating or marginal?

A

circulating

28
Q

Explain the storage pool species differences

A

dogs and cats have a 1-2 day storage whereas cattle and horses have a small storage pool

29
Q

Which species has more segmented neutrophils?

A

cats and dogs

30
Q

Explain the maturation from myeloblast to segmented neutrophils. Which is more abundant?

A

myeloblast
promyelocyte
neutrophilic myelocyte
neutrophilic metamyelocyte
band neutrophil
segmented neutrophil

more segmented neutrophils

31
Q

In a perfect world, which should be more abundant segmented or banded neutrophils?

A
32
Q

What is an increase in band neutrophils indicative of?

A

inflammation!

33
Q

Explain a degenerative left shift

A

there is an increase in band neutrophils and a decrease in neutrophils leading to a neutropenia

34
Q

In which species is a degenerative left shift ominous in? Which species is it less concerning?

A

cats and dogs = ominous
horses = less concerning

35
Q

Explain a regenerative left shift

A

neutrophilia
band neutrophils increase as does neutrophils but neutrophils exceed band

36
Q

Explain a deep left shift

A

circulating metamyelocytes due to a demand to produce leukocytes due to inflammation

37
Q

Explain the CBC findings of a regenerative left shift

A

a mild to moderate left shift accompanying a neutrophilia

38
Q

What is the significance of a regenerative left shift?

A

the bone marrow is responding to tissue inflammation and releasing earlier neutrophils from the maturation pool (ie the band neutrophils)

39
Q

Explain the CBC findings of a degenerative left shift

A

immature neutrophils > mature segmented neutrophils

40
Q

What is the significance of a degenerative left shift?

A

bone marrow cannot keep up with the peripheral demand for neutrophils and is interpreted as overwhelming inflammation and often suggests poor prognosis

41
Q

What are toxic neutrophils and what does it lead to?

A

inflammation

42
Q

What is diffuse cytoplasmic basophilia due to? In which species can a mild form of it be normal in?

A

due to greater amount of RNA
normal in cats

43
Q

What are dohle bodies? What species is 1-2 normal in?

A

blue grey, amorphous or angular cytoplasmic inclusions, reflects stacks of retained endoplasmic reticulum
Normal in cats

44
Q

What is toxic vacuolization?

A

indistinct or frothy cytoplasmic vacuoles due to dispersed organelles

45
Q

What is toxic granulation?

A

dust-like purple to dark pink cytoplasmic granules

46
Q

What is a donut-shaped nucleus?

A

rarely noted - nucleus is round with a hole in the middle

47
Q

What is a giant neutrophil?

A

rarely noted - neutrophil is larger than normal

48
Q

Explain severity of toxicity from minimal to marked

A

minimal to mild - 1 or 2 of the most common morphologic features

moderate - usually 2 of the 3 most common morphologic features

marked - all 3 of the common features and/or toxic granulation

49
Q

What are the 3 most common morphologic features of toxicity?

A

Cytoplasmic basophilia - 1st
Dohle body
vacuolization

50
Q

What are 3 neutrophil infectious agents you may see on a blood smear

A

anaplasma phagocytophilum
ehrlichia spp
distemper inclusion

DWT (28 decks)

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