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Flashcards > Rights & Freedoms History > Flashcards

Rights & Freedoms History Flashcards

1
Q

After WW2 the _____ started

A

UN

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2
Q

When did the UN start

A

24 October 1945

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3
Q

Was Australia a founding member of the UN

A

yes

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4
Q

What is the UDHR

A

Universal Declaration of Human Rights

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5
Q

What Australian played a big part in discussing laws and declarations with the UN

A

Herbert Vere (‘Doc’) Evatt

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6
Q

what position did Herbert Vere (‘Doc’) Evatt have

A

he was president of the UN general assembly at one point

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7
Q

What did Herbert Vere (‘Doc’) Evatt do

A

He fought for the smaller nations to have their voice heard just as loud as the leading nations

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8
Q

when was the UDHR approved

A

10 December 1948

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9
Q

List three examples of physical segregation in the US before the 1950s

A

segregated waiting rooms, segregated schools, segregated buses

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10
Q

What were the Jim Crow Laws

A

Laws that enforced racial segregation, including outlawed marriage between black and white people

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11
Q

How long did the Jim Crow Laws stand for

A

late 1800s - 1965

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12
Q

Name the down sides to segregated facilities as an African American

A

Education not well funded, given a lower level of education, not cleaned as thoroughly, lower grade/faulty facilities

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13
Q

The civil rights movement happened from the year…

A

1954-1968

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14
Q

What was the Montgomery Bus Boycott and what year did it happen

A

Rosa Parks was arrested for violating the jim crow laws, this caused an uproar, in 1955 many African Americans refused to ride the buses in Montgomery Alabama

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15
Q

How long did the Montgomery Bus boycott last

A

381 days

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16
Q

In what year did the Montgomery Bus Boycott Happen

A

1955

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17
Q

What was the law surrounding where black people could sit on interstate buses

A

They were only allowed to sit at the back of the bus or in the middle if all the white passangers had a seat. They weren’t allowed to sit at the front of the bus

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18
Q

Who had the idea for the Montgomery Bus Boycott

A

Martin Luther King Jr

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19
Q

What was Martin Luther King Jr.’s position

A

president of the Montgomery improvement association (MIA) and a Baptist Minister

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20
Q

In what year did bus companies agree to desegregate (but would go on to break this promise)

A

The supreme court ruled in favour of the MIA sometime in 1956

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21
Q

What was Martin Luther King Jr.’s method of protesting

A

nonviolent, boycotts, demonstrations, marches, conferences

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22
Q

what was the SCLC

A

the Southern Christian Leadership Conference which Martin Luther King Jr. was a part of, and was also the place where he organised protests

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23
Q

what were the sit-ins of 1960?

A

students in Greensboro, North Carolina begin sit-ins in ‘whites only’ seats in cafeterias. It inspired swim-ins, library read-ins, cinema watch-ins and the Freedom Rides.

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24
Q

When did the Freedom Rides happen

A

May–November 1961

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25
Q

Where was segregation on public transport at its worst

A

the Southern states

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26
Q

what percentage of African Americans lived in the Southern States

A

over 50 percent

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27
Q

In 1961 was there still segregation on buses?

A

Yes but the Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC) in 1955 and the US Supreme Court in 1960 had already ruled this to be illegal under federal law

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28
Q

What did the Freedom Riders aim to do

A

Raise awareness, damage the governments reputation, get bus companies to obey the law and desegregate

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29
Q

Where did the Freedom Riders travel

A

From Washington DC to New Oreleans, Louisiana

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30
Q

When were the Freedom Riders first attacked

A

A minor attack in South Carolina

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31
Q

What major attack did the Freedom Riders face

A

the mob violence in Alabama: Two police officers promised the Ku Klux Klan (KKK) that they would wait 15 mins before stopping an attack against the Freedom Riders. The KKK forced the bus off the road, used baseball bats, iron bars and knives to smash windows & slash tyres, they fire bombed the bus, shouting slurs

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32
Q

When did the mob attack against the Freedom Riders in Alabama happen

A

14th of May 1961

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33
Q

Apart from the Alabama attack, what were some other attacks inflicted by the Klu Klux Klan (KKK)

A
  • Beat up activists on the other Freedom Rides bus, the ‘trailways’ bus
  • white supporters attacked in Birmingham
  • attacked activists at a bus depot in Montgomery
  • Attacked activists at the First Baptist Church, threatened to firebomb
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34
Q

Who called off the Freedom Rides and when

A

The Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) decided to call the ride off the same year that it began (1961)

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35
Q

Were the Freedom Rides successful

A

Yes because they raised awareness for their cause

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36
Q

The Freedom Rides started up again after The Congress of Racial Equality called them off, why?

A

Activists from the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) came from Nashville, Tennessee and then got stuck in Birmingham

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37
Q

What did the Freedom Riders do next after their first protest ended

A

They had a new aim, to create pressure for change by filling up the Mississipi jails

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38
Q

How successful were the Freedom Riders in filling up the Mississipi jails and raising awareness through this

A

By late August 1961, authorities there had arrested over 400 freedom riders. International news of the Freedom Rides and the attacks embarrassed the US government, but it was still reluctant to enforce federal law over state laws

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39
Q

When did the ICC order bus companies to introduce desegregation

A

September 1961. Companies had until 1 November to desegregate all their buses and the toilets, waiting rooms and eating areas at all their bus stations.

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40
Q

Martin Luther King Jr. and the SNCC led protest marches where

A

in Albany, Georgia

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41
Q

What year did Martin Luther King Jr and the SCLC lead a series of protest marches in Birmingham, Alabama

A

1963

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42
Q

How did the police respond to Martin Luther King Jr and the SCLC’s protests in Birmingham

A

With clubs, attack dogs and electrical cattle prods. Firefighters used hoses to push them over

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43
Q

What was successful about Martin Luther King Jr and the SCLC’s protest marches in Birmingham

A

Images of the police brutality were published and raised awareness

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44
Q

When did President Kennedy call on the congress to pass more civil rights laws?

A

10 June 1963

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45
Q

Why did the 1963 March to Washington DC happen

A

An activist named Medgar Evers was shot dead outside his home in Jackson Mississippi only a few days after the president called for better civil rights laws

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46
Q

What year did the March on Washington happen

A

1963

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47
Q

What year did Martin Luther KIng Jr lead protest marches in Albany, Georgia (the albany movement)

A

1961

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48
Q

What was the Albany Movement protesting about

A

against segregation in hotels, housing and restaurants.

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49
Q

What about the Albany Movement was successful and unsuccessful

A

The ‘Albany Movement’ achieved some integration of facilities, but local authorities took their revenge by closing parks, selling the swimming pool and removing the seats from the newly integrated public library.

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50
Q

What year did martin luther king jr. and the SCLC hold protests in Birmingham, Alabama

A

1963

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51
Q

How did police respond to the protests in Birmingham, Alabama

A

Local police responded with clubs, attack dogs and electric cattle prods. Firefighters turned high-pressure hoses on the demonstrators, knocking them into the walls of buildings or onto the pavements. Dogs attacked the protestors’ arms and legs.

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52
Q

What about the protests by Martin Luther King Jr and the SCLC in Birmingham was successful

A

The police brutality was published in the news and raised awareness

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53
Q

When did President Kennedy called on Congress to pass more civil rights laws

A

On 10 June 1963

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54
Q

What motivated the march in Washington DC (1963)

A

Not long after the president called for better civil rights laws, an African American activist was shot dead outside his home in Jackson, Mississipi. This outraged African Americans.

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55
Q

What was the aim of the 1963 march on washington

A

to pressure the government into passing the new proposed civil rights bill and to stage an event that would raise awareness and promote non-violent protests

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56
Q

When did the March on Washington DC happen

A

On 28 August 1963

57
Q

What did Martin Luther King Jr do at the Washington march that went down in history

A

Made a speech about his ‘dream’ for a different America

58
Q

What was the freedom summer of 1964

A

when young people volunteered to spend their holidays teaching African Americans and helping them complete voter registration forms.

59
Q

How did racists respond to the freedom summer of 1964

A

Racists responded by burning churches, bombing houses and buildings and assaulting people; three volunteers were murdered.

60
Q

what year did the march from Selma to Montgomery happen

A

1965

61
Q

What was the aim of the march from Selma to Montgomery

A

protest about voting rights

62
Q

What was the march from Selma to Montgomery also called

A

bloody sunday

63
Q

How did the police respond to the march from Selma to Montgomery

A

Police attacked the crowd with clubs and tear gas

64
Q

when did President Lyndon Johnson sign the Voting Rights Act into law

A

August 1965

65
Q

what president signed the Voting Rights Act into law

A

President Lyndon

66
Q

Police threatened African American Marquette Frye, How did African Americans respond to this?

A

Outraged by police brutality cases over the years, African American rioters burned cars and shopping areas and shot police and firefighters. This was called the Watts Riots. The Watts riots led to 34 deaths, with hundreds of people injured and thousands arrested.

67
Q

When did the series of riots by African Americans happen

A

Late 1960s

68
Q

The U.S. Supreme Court ruled that racial segregation in public schools is unconstitutional - what year

A

1954

69
Q

Supreme Court ordered public school integration “with all deliberate speed.” - what year

A

1955

70
Q

A bomb exploded in a black church in Birmingham, Alabama, killing four black girls.
The girls were killed when members of the Ku Klux Klan bombed the 16th Street Baptist Church in Birmingham, Alabama. - when

A

Sep. 15, 1963

71
Q

what were the two civil rights acts of the 1960s

A

civil rights act of 1964 - banned discrimination
civil rights act of 1968 (also known as the fair housing act) - fair housing

72
Q

when was Martin Luther King Jr assassinated

A

Apr. 4, 1968 and it caused riots

73
Q

The United Nations passed the Genocide Convention making genocide a crime. - when

A

Dec. 9, 1948

74
Q

when did the UN approve the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. (UDHR)

A

Dec. 10, 1948

75
Q

what was the League of Nations and how long did it run for

A

The League of Nations (1920 – 1946) was the first intergovernmental organization established “to promote international cooperation and to achieve international peace and security”. - four permanent members Great Britain, France, Japan, and Italy

76
Q

What was the aim of the UN

A

to preserve peace and remove causes of
conflict by encouraging economic, social, educational and cultural
progress throughout the world, especially in underdeveloped regions.

77
Q

True or false: Australia has ratified (made Australian law) almost all of the major international
human rights treaties or declarations.

A

True

78
Q

When was Martin Luther King Jr arrested for a sit-in protest

A

October 30, 1967

79
Q

What was Malcom X arrested for

A

Burglary

80
Q

When was Malcom X arrested

A

sometime in 1946

81
Q

In prison, Malcom X joined the…

A

In prison the group was called Nation of Islam or the Black Muslims

82
Q

How is Malcom X’s affiliation with the “Nation of Islam” or “The Black Muslims” relevant to his story

A

The group taught that white people are devils

83
Q

Why is Malcom X’s last name only the letter X

A

He adopted X as his last name it was not his given name. The letter stood for the unknown African surname of Malcolm’s enslaved ancestors.

84
Q

What was Malcom X’s position in the Nation of Islam

A

he eventually became the Nation of Islam’s most effective minister

85
Q

What did Malcom X preach when it came to segregation - while he was still in Nation of Islam

A

He encouraged segregation as he disliked White people

86
Q

In what year did Malcom X leave the Nation of Islam

A

1964

87
Q

What year was Malcom X released from prison

A

1952

88
Q

What did Malcom X do soon after he left Nation of Islam

A

He went to Mecca, Saudi Arabia. A Muslim holy city. He met many muslims. He stopped believing that white people were devils. He felt empathy for all races. He thought Islam could unite all races. He adopted a muslim name. He converted to orthodox Islam.

89
Q

What did Malcom X do upon returning to the US

A

He formed his own group, the Organization of Afro-American Unity (OAAU)

90
Q

Did Malcom X believe what Martin Luther King Jr did about violence

A

No. Non-violence was not his principle. He promoted the use of violence for self defence.

91
Q

When and where was Malcom X shot dead

A

21 February 1965, while giving a speech in New York

92
Q

Why was Malcom X shot

A

Members of the Nation of Islam, the Black Muslims, were mad at him for speaking out against their leader; Elijah Muhammad

He also said something mean about President Kennedy

93
Q

What happened to Malcom X as a child that troubled him and made him dislike white people

A

His family home was burned down by the KKK. His father was murdered by racists. His mother went to a mental hospital. He spent his teenagehood in foster homes.

94
Q

Why did Malcom X leave the Nation of Islam

A

Because the group avoided political activity and he disagreed with Elijah Muhammad on some things

95
Q

When was Malcom X’s autobiography published

A

1965

96
Q

What did Malcom X do to create impact

A

He made many speeches, empowered black people and wrote an autobiography

97
Q

What does ICC stand for

A

Interstate Commerce Commission

98
Q

What made the civil rights movement successful

A
  • achieved some desegregation
  • improved voting rights
  • banned discrimination in the workplace and biased hiring
99
Q

What impact did the voting rights act (1965) have

A

It outlawed literacy tests (tests you had to pass in order to vote) and poll taxes, making it easier for African Americans to vote.

100
Q

Could African Americans vote before the voting rights act of 1965 passed

A

By law, yes. However, barriers such as literacy tests and poll taxes prevented them from voting.

101
Q

What was the impact of the civil rights act of 1964

A
  • outlawed discrimination of any kind in employment
  • outlawed segregation in places of public accomodation
  • It said that voting requirements must be the same for all people
  • said that public schools should desegregate
  • gave more power to the civil rights commission
  • made sure civil rights lawsuits would be taken seriously in future
102
Q

What was the impact of the civil rights act of 1968/the fair housing act of 1968

A

It banned discrimination in the selling and renting of property

103
Q

What was the civil rights act of 1968 also called

A

the fair housing act of 1968

104
Q

what was the fair housing act of 1968 also called

A

the civil rights act of 1968

105
Q

which civil rights act was also called the fair housing act

A

the civil rights act of 1968

106
Q

How did Martin Luther King Jr and Malcom X differ as leaders of the civil rights movement

A

Malcom X was Muslim and believed that violence can be necessary. Martin Luther King Jr was christian and believed that violence had no place in the civil rights movement.

107
Q

When did the Holocaust happen

A

1933-1945

108
Q

When did hitler come to power

A

Jan 30, 1933

109
Q

List some of the violent events Jews faced during the Holocaust

A

Concentration camps/ghettos, boycott of Jewish businesses (not letting people sell or shop at jewish stores), Nuremburg Laws, Kristallnacht, the final solution, death camps/concentration camps

110
Q

What year did the Nuremburg Laws pass

A

1935

111
Q

When did the Nazis boycott Jewish businesses

A

April 1st, 1933

112
Q

When and where was the first concentration camp established

A

in Dachau in April, 1933

113
Q

What negative impact did the Nuremburg Laws have

A
  • took citizenship away from Jewish people, meaning they couldn’t vote
  • banned marriage and relationships between Jews and other Germans
114
Q

When was Kristallnacht

A

November 9, 1938

115
Q

What year did the Nazis plan the final solution

A

1941

116
Q

When did the Nuremburg trials happen

A

1945 and 1946

117
Q

What were the Nuremburg trials

A

The Nazi party was put on trial for war crimes and crimes against humanity

118
Q

What did the 13th amendment do

A

Ban slavery unless as a punishment for crime

119
Q

what was the NAACP

A

the National Association for the Advancement of Colored
People

120
Q

What was the Browne v. Board of Education case

A

The case that resulted in Supreme court ruling that African Americans
have the right to the same schooling as white children. The case was organised by the NAACP

121
Q

What did the NAACP do

A

organised the Brown V. Board of Education case and had Rosa Parks as a member

122
Q

How does the NAACP link to the montgomery bus boycott

A

Rosa Parks was a member of the NAACP

123
Q

What does WW2 have to do with the UN

A

WW2 motivated countries to establish the UN because they wanted to prevent another world war

124
Q

What movements for rights and freedoms did the UN contribute to

A

women’s rights, land rights, civil rights, decolonisation

125
Q

define colonisation

A

when a country exerts control over a foreign place

126
Q

Why did colonial rulers struggle to control their colonies in WW2

A

they were running out of resources and there was more resistance

127
Q

What country used to be Australia’s colony

A

Papua New Guinea

128
Q

How did countries gain independence from colonial rule after WW2

A

through negotiations, UN efforts, movements, the atlantic charter, and rulers willingness to create peace after witnessing the horrors of WW2

129
Q

When did Papua New Guinea gain independance from Australia

A

1975

130
Q

Define decolonisation

A

gaining independance from colonial rule and reclaiming indigenous autonomy

131
Q

Who made the speech about the four freedoms

A

President Roosevelt

132
Q

When did President Roosevelt make the speech about the four freedoms

A

Janurary 1941

133
Q

What were the four basic freedoms that president roosevelt spoke about in his speech to the US congress

A
  • freedom of speech
  • freedom from poverty
  • freedom of religion
  • freedom from fear
134
Q

What was the Atlantic charter

A

A charter issued by US President Roosevelt and British Prime Minister Winston Church hill that gave people thr right to choose the government they lived under. They promised to give people autonomy.

135
Q

what is a charter

A

an agreed contract between countries

136
Q

Who was Eleanor Roosevelt

A

President Roosevelt’s wife. the first chairperson of the United Nations High
Commission for Human Rights, the group in charge of creating the UDHR.

137
Q

What does disenfranchised mean

A

Not allowed to vote

138
Q
A

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