Rights & Freedoms History Flashcards
After WW2 the _____ started
UN
When did the UN start
24 October 1945
Was Australia a founding member of the UN
yes
What is the UDHR
Universal Declaration of Human Rights
What Australian played a big part in discussing laws and declarations with the UN
Herbert Vere (‘Doc’) Evatt
what position did Herbert Vere (‘Doc’) Evatt have
he was president of the UN general assembly at one point
What did Herbert Vere (‘Doc’) Evatt do
He fought for the smaller nations to have their voice heard just as loud as the leading nations
when was the UDHR approved
10 December 1948
List three examples of physical segregation in the US before the 1950s
segregated waiting rooms, segregated schools, segregated buses
What were the Jim Crow Laws
Laws that enforced racial segregation, including outlawed marriage between black and white people
How long did the Jim Crow Laws stand for
late 1800s - 1965
Name the down sides to segregated facilities as an African American
Education not well funded, given a lower level of education, not cleaned as thoroughly, lower grade/faulty facilities
The civil rights movement happened from the year…
1954-1968
What was the Montgomery Bus Boycott and what year did it happen
Rosa Parks was arrested for violating the jim crow laws, this caused an uproar, in 1955 many African Americans refused to ride the buses in Montgomery Alabama
How long did the Montgomery Bus boycott last
381 days
In what year did the Montgomery Bus Boycott Happen
1955
What was the law surrounding where black people could sit on interstate buses
They were only allowed to sit at the back of the bus or in the middle if all the white passangers had a seat. They weren’t allowed to sit at the front of the bus
Who had the idea for the Montgomery Bus Boycott
Martin Luther King Jr
What was Martin Luther King Jr.’s position
president of the Montgomery improvement association (MIA) and a Baptist Minister
In what year did bus companies agree to desegregate (but would go on to break this promise)
The supreme court ruled in favour of the MIA sometime in 1956
What was Martin Luther King Jr.’s method of protesting
nonviolent, boycotts, demonstrations, marches, conferences
what was the SCLC
the Southern Christian Leadership Conference which Martin Luther King Jr. was a part of, and was also the place where he organised protests
what were the sit-ins of 1960?
students in Greensboro, North Carolina begin sit-ins in ‘whites only’ seats in cafeterias. It inspired swim-ins, library read-ins, cinema watch-ins and the Freedom Rides.
When did the Freedom Rides happen
May–November 1961
Where was segregation on public transport at its worst
the Southern states
what percentage of African Americans lived in the Southern States
over 50 percent
In 1961 was there still segregation on buses?
Yes but the Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC) in 1955 and the US Supreme Court in 1960 had already ruled this to be illegal under federal law
What did the Freedom Riders aim to do
Raise awareness, damage the governments reputation, get bus companies to obey the law and desegregate
Where did the Freedom Riders travel
From Washington DC to New Oreleans, Louisiana
When were the Freedom Riders first attacked
A minor attack in South Carolina
What major attack did the Freedom Riders face
the mob violence in Alabama: Two police officers promised the Ku Klux Klan (KKK) that they would wait 15 mins before stopping an attack against the Freedom Riders. The KKK forced the bus off the road, used baseball bats, iron bars and knives to smash windows & slash tyres, they fire bombed the bus, shouting slurs
When did the mob attack against the Freedom Riders in Alabama happen
14th of May 1961
Apart from the Alabama attack, what were some other attacks inflicted by the Klu Klux Klan (KKK)
- Beat up activists on the other Freedom Rides bus, the ‘trailways’ bus
- white supporters attacked in Birmingham
- attacked activists at a bus depot in Montgomery
- Attacked activists at the First Baptist Church, threatened to firebomb
Who called off the Freedom Rides and when
The Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) decided to call the ride off the same year that it began (1961)
Were the Freedom Rides successful
Yes because they raised awareness for their cause
The Freedom Rides started up again after The Congress of Racial Equality called them off, why?
Activists from the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) came from Nashville, Tennessee and then got stuck in Birmingham
What did the Freedom Riders do next after their first protest ended
They had a new aim, to create pressure for change by filling up the Mississipi jails
How successful were the Freedom Riders in filling up the Mississipi jails and raising awareness through this
By late August 1961, authorities there had arrested over 400 freedom riders. International news of the Freedom Rides and the attacks embarrassed the US government, but it was still reluctant to enforce federal law over state laws
When did the ICC order bus companies to introduce desegregation
September 1961. Companies had until 1 November to desegregate all their buses and the toilets, waiting rooms and eating areas at all their bus stations.
Martin Luther King Jr. and the SNCC led protest marches where
in Albany, Georgia
What year did Martin Luther King Jr and the SCLC lead a series of protest marches in Birmingham, Alabama
1963
How did the police respond to Martin Luther King Jr and the SCLC’s protests in Birmingham
With clubs, attack dogs and electrical cattle prods. Firefighters used hoses to push them over
What was successful about Martin Luther King Jr and the SCLC’s protest marches in Birmingham
Images of the police brutality were published and raised awareness
When did President Kennedy call on the congress to pass more civil rights laws?
10 June 1963
Why did the 1963 March to Washington DC happen
An activist named Medgar Evers was shot dead outside his home in Jackson Mississippi only a few days after the president called for better civil rights laws
What year did the March on Washington happen
1963
What year did Martin Luther KIng Jr lead protest marches in Albany, Georgia (the albany movement)
1961
What was the Albany Movement protesting about
against segregation in hotels, housing and restaurants.
What about the Albany Movement was successful and unsuccessful
The ‘Albany Movement’ achieved some integration of facilities, but local authorities took their revenge by closing parks, selling the swimming pool and removing the seats from the newly integrated public library.
What year did martin luther king jr. and the SCLC hold protests in Birmingham, Alabama
1963
How did police respond to the protests in Birmingham, Alabama
Local police responded with clubs, attack dogs and electric cattle prods. Firefighters turned high-pressure hoses on the demonstrators, knocking them into the walls of buildings or onto the pavements. Dogs attacked the protestors’ arms and legs.
What about the protests by Martin Luther King Jr and the SCLC in Birmingham was successful
The police brutality was published in the news and raised awareness
When did President Kennedy called on Congress to pass more civil rights laws
On 10 June 1963
What motivated the march in Washington DC (1963)
Not long after the president called for better civil rights laws, an African American activist was shot dead outside his home in Jackson, Mississipi. This outraged African Americans.
What was the aim of the 1963 march on washington
to pressure the government into passing the new proposed civil rights bill and to stage an event that would raise awareness and promote non-violent protests
When did the March on Washington DC happen
On 28 August 1963
What did Martin Luther King Jr do at the Washington march that went down in history
Made a speech about his ‘dream’ for a different America
What was the freedom summer of 1964
when young people volunteered to spend their holidays teaching African Americans and helping them complete voter registration forms.
How did racists respond to the freedom summer of 1964
Racists responded by burning churches, bombing houses and buildings and assaulting people; three volunteers were murdered.
what year did the march from Selma to Montgomery happen
1965
What was the aim of the march from Selma to Montgomery
protest about voting rights
What was the march from Selma to Montgomery also called
bloody sunday
How did the police respond to the march from Selma to Montgomery
Police attacked the crowd with clubs and tear gas
when did President Lyndon Johnson sign the Voting Rights Act into law
August 1965
what president signed the Voting Rights Act into law
President Lyndon
Police threatened African American Marquette Frye, How did African Americans respond to this?
Outraged by police brutality cases over the years, African American rioters burned cars and shopping areas and shot police and firefighters. This was called the Watts Riots. The Watts riots led to 34 deaths, with hundreds of people injured and thousands arrested.
When did the series of riots by African Americans happen
Late 1960s
The U.S. Supreme Court ruled that racial segregation in public schools is unconstitutional - what year
1954
Supreme Court ordered public school integration “with all deliberate speed.” - what year
1955
A bomb exploded in a black church in Birmingham, Alabama, killing four black girls.
The girls were killed when members of the Ku Klux Klan bombed the 16th Street Baptist Church in Birmingham, Alabama. - when
Sep. 15, 1963
what were the two civil rights acts of the 1960s
civil rights act of 1964 - banned discrimination
civil rights act of 1968 (also known as the fair housing act) - fair housing
when was Martin Luther King Jr assassinated
Apr. 4, 1968 and it caused riots
The United Nations passed the Genocide Convention making genocide a crime. - when
Dec. 9, 1948
when did the UN approve the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. (UDHR)
Dec. 10, 1948
what was the League of Nations and how long did it run for
The League of Nations (1920 – 1946) was the first intergovernmental organization established “to promote international cooperation and to achieve international peace and security”. - four permanent members Great Britain, France, Japan, and Italy
What was the aim of the UN
to preserve peace and remove causes of
conflict by encouraging economic, social, educational and cultural
progress throughout the world, especially in underdeveloped regions.
True or false: Australia has ratified (made Australian law) almost all of the major international
human rights treaties or declarations.
True
When was Martin Luther King Jr arrested for a sit-in protest
October 30, 1967
What was Malcom X arrested for
Burglary
When was Malcom X arrested
sometime in 1946
In prison, Malcom X joined the…
In prison the group was called Nation of Islam or the Black Muslims
How is Malcom X’s affiliation with the “Nation of Islam” or “The Black Muslims” relevant to his story
The group taught that white people are devils
Why is Malcom X’s last name only the letter X
He adopted X as his last name it was not his given name. The letter stood for the unknown African surname of Malcolm’s enslaved ancestors.
What was Malcom X’s position in the Nation of Islam
he eventually became the Nation of Islam’s most effective minister
What did Malcom X preach when it came to segregation - while he was still in Nation of Islam
He encouraged segregation as he disliked White people
In what year did Malcom X leave the Nation of Islam
1964
What year was Malcom X released from prison
1952
What did Malcom X do soon after he left Nation of Islam
He went to Mecca, Saudi Arabia. A Muslim holy city. He met many muslims. He stopped believing that white people were devils. He felt empathy for all races. He thought Islam could unite all races. He adopted a muslim name. He converted to orthodox Islam.
What did Malcom X do upon returning to the US
He formed his own group, the Organization of Afro-American Unity (OAAU)
Did Malcom X believe what Martin Luther King Jr did about violence
No. Non-violence was not his principle. He promoted the use of violence for self defence.
When and where was Malcom X shot dead
21 February 1965, while giving a speech in New York
Why was Malcom X shot
Members of the Nation of Islam, the Black Muslims, were mad at him for speaking out against their leader; Elijah Muhammad
He also said something mean about President Kennedy
What happened to Malcom X as a child that troubled him and made him dislike white people
His family home was burned down by the KKK. His father was murdered by racists. His mother went to a mental hospital. He spent his teenagehood in foster homes.
Why did Malcom X leave the Nation of Islam
Because the group avoided political activity and he disagreed with Elijah Muhammad on some things
When was Malcom X’s autobiography published
1965
What did Malcom X do to create impact
He made many speeches, empowered black people and wrote an autobiography
What does ICC stand for
Interstate Commerce Commission
What made the civil rights movement successful
- achieved some desegregation
- improved voting rights
- banned discrimination in the workplace and biased hiring
What impact did the voting rights act (1965) have
It outlawed literacy tests (tests you had to pass in order to vote) and poll taxes, making it easier for African Americans to vote.
Could African Americans vote before the voting rights act of 1965 passed
By law, yes. However, barriers such as literacy tests and poll taxes prevented them from voting.
What was the impact of the civil rights act of 1964
- outlawed discrimination of any kind in employment
- outlawed segregation in places of public accomodation
- It said that voting requirements must be the same for all people
- said that public schools should desegregate
- gave more power to the civil rights commission
- made sure civil rights lawsuits would be taken seriously in future
What was the impact of the civil rights act of 1968/the fair housing act of 1968
It banned discrimination in the selling and renting of property
What was the civil rights act of 1968 also called
the fair housing act of 1968
what was the fair housing act of 1968 also called
the civil rights act of 1968
which civil rights act was also called the fair housing act
the civil rights act of 1968
How did Martin Luther King Jr and Malcom X differ as leaders of the civil rights movement
Malcom X was Muslim and believed that violence can be necessary. Martin Luther King Jr was christian and believed that violence had no place in the civil rights movement.
When did the Holocaust happen
1933-1945
When did hitler come to power
Jan 30, 1933
List some of the violent events Jews faced during the Holocaust
Concentration camps/ghettos, boycott of Jewish businesses (not letting people sell or shop at jewish stores), Nuremburg Laws, Kristallnacht, the final solution, death camps/concentration camps
What year did the Nuremburg Laws pass
1935
When did the Nazis boycott Jewish businesses
April 1st, 1933
When and where was the first concentration camp established
in Dachau in April, 1933
What negative impact did the Nuremburg Laws have
- took citizenship away from Jewish people, meaning they couldn’t vote
- banned marriage and relationships between Jews and other Germans
When was Kristallnacht
November 9, 1938
What year did the Nazis plan the final solution
1941
When did the Nuremburg trials happen
1945 and 1946
What were the Nuremburg trials
The Nazi party was put on trial for war crimes and crimes against humanity
What did the 13th amendment do
Ban slavery unless as a punishment for crime
what was the NAACP
the National Association for the Advancement of Colored
People
What was the Browne v. Board of Education case
The case that resulted in Supreme court ruling that African Americans
have the right to the same schooling as white children. The case was organised by the NAACP
What did the NAACP do
organised the Brown V. Board of Education case and had Rosa Parks as a member
How does the NAACP link to the montgomery bus boycott
Rosa Parks was a member of the NAACP
What does WW2 have to do with the UN
WW2 motivated countries to establish the UN because they wanted to prevent another world war
What movements for rights and freedoms did the UN contribute to
women’s rights, land rights, civil rights, decolonisation
define colonisation
when a country exerts control over a foreign place
Why did colonial rulers struggle to control their colonies in WW2
they were running out of resources and there was more resistance
What country used to be Australia’s colony
Papua New Guinea
How did countries gain independence from colonial rule after WW2
through negotiations, UN efforts, movements, the atlantic charter, and rulers willingness to create peace after witnessing the horrors of WW2
When did Papua New Guinea gain independance from Australia
1975
Define decolonisation
gaining independance from colonial rule and reclaiming indigenous autonomy
Who made the speech about the four freedoms
President Roosevelt
When did President Roosevelt make the speech about the four freedoms
Janurary 1941
What were the four basic freedoms that president roosevelt spoke about in his speech to the US congress
- freedom of speech
- freedom from poverty
- freedom of religion
- freedom from fear
What was the Atlantic charter
A charter issued by US President Roosevelt and British Prime Minister Winston Church hill that gave people thr right to choose the government they lived under. They promised to give people autonomy.
what is a charter
an agreed contract between countries
Who was Eleanor Roosevelt
President Roosevelt’s wife. the first chairperson of the United Nations High
Commission for Human Rights, the group in charge of creating the UDHR.
What does disenfranchised mean
Not allowed to vote
