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1
Q

What is the primary focus of wine production in the Rhône Valley?

A

Red wine production

The Rhône Valley is overwhelmingly devoted to red wine production.

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2
Q

What are the two main regions of the Rhône Valley?

A
  • Northern Rhône (Rhône septentrionale)
  • Southern Rhône (Rhône méridionale)

These regions are climatically and viticulturally distinct.

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3
Q

What historical significance does the Rhône Valley hold in winemaking?

A

The introduction of winemaking in France can be traced to the Greeks around 600 BCE

They established vine cultivation at their Massalia settlement, modern-day Marseilles.

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4
Q

Which river played a crucial role in the trade of wine during ancient times?

A

Rhône River

It was used for transporting wine from Massalia into the heart of Gaul.

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5
Q

Who moved the papacy to Avignon, making Southern Rhône a center of Christian Europe?

A

Pope Clement V in 1309

His successor, Pope John XXII, began construction of Châteauneuf-du-Pape.

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6
Q

What was the first AOC in France?

A

Châteauneuf-du-Pape in 1936

It became the prototype for the Appellation Contrôlée system.

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7
Q

What climatic difference exists between the Northern and Southern Rhône?

A

Northern Rhône has a continental climate while Southern Rhône has a Mediterranean climate

This affects the types of grapes grown and the style of wines produced.

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8
Q

What is the main grape variety planted in the Southern Rhône?

A

Grenache

It is the most planted red grape, offering richness and warmth.

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9
Q

What are the five appellations for Syrah in the Northern Rhône?

A
  • Hermitage AOP
  • Crozes-Hermitage AOP
  • Cornas AOP
  • Côte-Rôtie AOP
  • Saint-Joseph AOP

Each appellation has its own unique characteristics and regulations.

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10
Q

What is the significance of the Mistral wind in the Rhône Valley?

A

It dries the vineyards and prevents mold and mildew

It also affects the growth direction of trees in the valley.

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11
Q

Which grape variety is exclusively bottled as a 100% varietal wine in Cornas?

A

Syrah

Other appellations may blend white grapes with Syrah.

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12
Q

What is the primary grape used in the white wine appellation of Condrieu?

A

Viognier

This grape variety produces rare and sought-after wines.

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13
Q

What is the unique production method used for sparkling wines in Clairette de Die AOP?

A

Méthode Dioise ancestrale

This method requires a minimum of 75% Muscat à Petit Grains.

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14
Q

What are the main soil types found in the Southern Rhône?

A
  • Alluvial soils
  • Sand
  • Gravel
  • Clay
  • Pudding stones (galets)

Galets store heat and release it to warm the vines at night.

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15
Q

What type of wine production is Châteauneuf-du-Pape known for?

A

Blended wines

It has a wide variety of authorized grape varieties for blending.

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16
Q

Fill in the blank: The Southern Rhône accounts for about ______ of all wine produced in the Rhône Valley.

A

95%

It is overwhelmingly devoted to red wine production.

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17
Q

Who is considered the standard-bearer for the traditional wines of Cornas?

A

Auguste Clape

He is known for using whole-cluster fermentation.

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18
Q

What is the climatic condition of the vineyards in Côte-Rôtie?

A

Steep slopes with a southeasterly aspect

The gradient can be as steep as 55 degrees or more.

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19
Q

What is the required minimum potential alcoholic strength for dry AOP wines from Châteauneuf-du-Pape?

A

12.5%

This is the highest minimum in France for dry AOP wines.

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20
Q

What year was the first estate-bottled Châteauneuf-du-Pape released?

A

1785

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21
Q

What marks many estate-bottled wines from Châteauneuf-du-Pape?

A

A papal crest embossed on the shoulder of the bottle

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22
Q

What is a significant factor contributing to the character of Châteauneuf-du-Pape wines?

A

Knowledge of a producer’s individual style

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23
Q

How many hectares does Châteauneuf-du-Pape cover?

A

Over 3,000 hectares

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24
Q

Which soil types are found in Châteauneuf-du-Pape?

A
  • Galets
  • Alluvial sediment
  • Gravel
  • Calcareous clay
  • Sand
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25
What traditional aging method do producers in Châteauneuf-du-Pape often use?
Old oak foudres
26
What is a key characteristic of Côtes du Rhône AOP?
It is the Southern Rhône’s largest appellation
27
What grape is the principal component of Côtes du Rhône wines?
Grenache
28
What percentage of Rhône Valley wines are released as Côtes du Rhône AOP?
Over two-thirds
29
What is the minimum percentage of Grenache required in Gigondas red wines?
50%
30
Which two former Côtes du Rhône-Villages communes were promoted to full appellation status?
* Gigondas AOP * Vacqueyras AOP
31
What is the minimum potential alcohol requirement for red wines in Châteauneuf-du-Pape and its five AOPs?
12.5%
32
What type of wine is Tavel AOP exclusively dedicated to?
Rosé wines
33
What are the two sweet fortified wine appellations in the Southern Rhône?
* Rasteau AOP * Muscat de Beaumes-de-Venise AOP
34
What process is used in Muscat de Beaumes-de-Venise to retain natural grape sugar?
Mutage
35
What type of wines can Rasteau vin doux naturel be?
* White * Rosé * Red
36
What is the southernmost appellation of the Southern Rhône Valley?
Grignan-les-Adhémar AOP
37
Which appellations produce red, white, and rosé wines in the Southern Rhône?
* Luberon AOP * Ventoux AOP * Côtes du Vivarais AOP * Vacqueras AOP * Lirac AOP * Costieres de Nimes * Côtes du Rhône-Villages * Duché d’Uzès AOP
38
What are the primary varietals used in Côtes de Provence AOP rosé wines?
Cinsault, Grenache, Mourvèdre, Syrah, Tibouren
39
What is the minimum percentage of Mourvèdre required in Bandol red wines?
50%
40
What is the primary grape variety for white wines in Cassis AOP?
Clairette and Marsanne
41
What region is known for producing Vin de Corse wines?
Corsica
42
What grape varieties are indigenous to Corsica?
* Nielluccio * Sciacarello * Vermentino
43
What is the significance of the year 2004 for Costières de Nîmes AOP?
Oversight was transferred to officials in the Rhône Valley
44
What is the main grape variety used in the wines of the Les Baux-de-Provence AOP?
Grenache
45
What year was the Côtes de Provence AOP established?
Banana!
46
What is the predominant climate in Provence that benefits viticulture?
Dry, warm Mediterranean climate
47
What is the focus of the producers in Les Baux-de-Provence regarding viticulture?
Organic viticulture
48
What is the notable characteristic of the wines from Bandol AOP?
Full-bodied, plummy, dense, often with an animal character
49
What is a notable producer of red wines in Bandol AOP?
Domaine Tempier
50
What year was the Fitou AOP established?
1948
51
What grape variety dominates Fitou wines?
Carignan
52
What is the significance of the year 1999 for La Livinière?
Received its own appellation for red wines
53
What type of wines are produced in Malepère AOP?
Red and rosé wines only
54
What types of wines do Cabardès AOP and Malepère AOP produce?
Red and rosé wines only.
55
What is the minimum grape composition for red wines in Malepère AOP?
50% Merlot.
56
What is the minimum grape composition for rosé wines in Malepère AOP?
50% Cabernet Franc.
57
What types of wines are produced in Saint-Chinian AOP?
Red, white, and rosé wines.
58
What are the two subzone designations for red wines in Saint-Chinian AOP?
Berlou and Roquebrun.
59
What are the main grape varieties used for still whites in Limoux AOP?
Chardonnay, Chenin Blanc, and Mauzac.
60
What is the distinctive wine produced from a minimum 90% Mauzac in Limoux?
Blanquette de Limoux.
61
What is the maximum percentage of Mauzac and Pinot Noir allowed in Crémant de Limoux AOP?
20%.
62
What is the overarching classification for the entire Languedoc-Roussillon region?
Pays d’Oc IGP.
63
What is the minimum grape composition for Languedoc AOP reds?
50% combined Grenache, Syrah, Mourvèdre, and Lladoner Pelut.
64
What are the small fortified wine appellations found in the Languedoc?
Muscat de Mireval AOP, Muscat de Lunel AOP, Muscat de Saint-Jean-de-Minervois AOP, Muscat de Frontignan AOP.
65
What is Rivesaltes AOP known for?
Vin doux naturel production.
66
What are the styles of fortified wines produced in Rivesaltes AOP?
Ambré, grenat, tuilé, and rosé.
67
What must Rivesaltes AOP ambré and tuilé styles be aged in?
An oxidative environment.
68
What grape varieties are included in the Mediterranean encépagement of Rivesaltes?
* Grenache (Noir, Gris, and Blanc) * Maccabéo * Tourbat * Muscat of Alexandria * Muscat à Petits Grains
69
What is the primary grape for grenat wines in Rivesaltes?
Grenache Noir.
70
What is the minimum aging requirement for Banyuls Grand Cru AOP?
30 months in barrel.
71
What is the main grape used in Banyuls AOP for fortified reds?
Grenache Noir.
72
What type of wines does Collioure AOP produce?
Unfortified red, white, and rosé wines.
73
What is the unique characteristic of Marcillac AOP wines?
Producing varietal Fer reds with a minimum of 90%.
74
What are the Bordeaux-style wine appellations in the southwest of France?
* Cahors AOP * Madiran AOP * Jurançon AOP * Gaillac AOP
75
What grape variety is primarily used in Cahors AOP?
Malbec.
76
What technique was developed by a Madiran winemaker to soften Tannat?
Micro-oxygenation.
77
What is the primary grape for sweet wines in the Monbazillac AOP?
Muscatelle.
78
What does the term 'sec' denote in Bergerac AOP?
Dry whites.
79
What are the three colors of wine produced in Bergerac AOP?
Red, white, and rosé.
80
What is the significance of the term 'vin doux naturel'?
Fortified sweet wines.
81
What is the typical aging requirement for Rivesaltes AOP wines labeled hors d’âge?
Aged for a minimum of 5 years.
82
What are the sweet wine appellations within Bergerac?
* Monbazillac AOP * Saussignac AOP * Rosette AOP * Haut-Montravel AOP * Côtes de Montravel AOP
83
What is the primary grape variety used for sweet passerillage wines in Jurançon AOP?
Petit Manseng.
84
What are the principal white grapes in Gaillac AOP?
* Mauzac * Muscadelle * Len de l’El
85
What is the method used for producing sparkling wines in Gaillac AOP?
Méthode Gaillaçoise.
86
What is the minimum percentage of Negrette required in Fronton AOP?
40%.
87
True or False: The Languedoc-Roussillon region produces 10% of France’s AOP wine.
True.
88
What are the AOPs that were elevated from VDQS status in 2011?
A number of former VDQS zones in the southwest.
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