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1
Q

What is the primary focus of wine production in the Rhône Valley?

A

Red wine production

The Rhône Valley is overwhelmingly devoted to red wine production.

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2
Q

What are the two main regions of the Rhône Valley?

A
  • Northern Rhône (Rhône septentrionale)
  • Southern Rhône (Rhône méridionale)

These regions are climatically and viticulturally distinct.

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3
Q

What historical significance does the Rhône Valley hold in winemaking?

A

The introduction of winemaking in France can be traced to the Greeks around 600 BCE

They established vine cultivation at their Massalia settlement, modern-day Marseilles.

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4
Q

Which river played a crucial role in the trade of wine during ancient times?

A

Rhône River

It was used for transporting wine from Massalia into the heart of Gaul.

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5
Q

Who moved the papacy to Avignon, making Southern Rhône a center of Christian Europe?

A

Pope Clement V in 1309

His successor, Pope John XXII, began construction of Châteauneuf-du-Pape.

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6
Q

What was the first AOC in France?

A

Châteauneuf-du-Pape in 1936

It became the prototype for the Appellation Contrôlée system.

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7
Q

What climatic difference exists between the Northern and Southern Rhône?

A

Northern Rhône has a continental climate while Southern Rhône has a Mediterranean climate

This affects the types of grapes grown and the style of wines produced.

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8
Q

What is the main grape variety planted in the Southern Rhône?

A

Grenache

It is the most planted red grape, offering richness and warmth.

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9
Q

What are the five appellations for Syrah in the Northern Rhône?

A
  • Hermitage AOP
  • Crozes-Hermitage AOP
  • Cornas AOP
  • Côte-Rôtie AOP
  • Saint-Joseph AOP

Each appellation has its own unique characteristics and regulations.

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10
Q

What is the significance of the Mistral wind in the Rhône Valley?

A

It dries the vineyards and prevents mold and mildew

It also affects the growth direction of trees in the valley.

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11
Q

Which grape variety is exclusively bottled as a 100% varietal wine in Cornas?

A

Syrah

Other appellations may blend white grapes with Syrah.

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12
Q

What is the primary grape used in the white wine appellation of Condrieu?

A

Viognier

This grape variety produces rare and sought-after wines.

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13
Q

What is the unique production method used for sparkling wines in Clairette de Die AOP?

A

Méthode Dioise ancestrale

This method requires a minimum of 75% Muscat à Petit Grains.

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14
Q

What are the main soil types found in the Southern Rhône?

A
  • Alluvial soils
  • Sand
  • Gravel
  • Clay
  • Pudding stones (galets)

Galets store heat and release it to warm the vines at night.

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15
Q

What type of wine production is Châteauneuf-du-Pape known for?

A

Blended wines

It has a wide variety of authorized grape varieties for blending.

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16
Q

Fill in the blank: The Southern Rhône accounts for about ______ of all wine produced in the Rhône Valley.

A

95%

It is overwhelmingly devoted to red wine production.

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17
Q

Who is considered the standard-bearer for the traditional wines of Cornas?

A

Auguste Clape

He is known for using whole-cluster fermentation.

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18
Q

What is the climatic condition of the vineyards in Côte-Rôtie?

A

Steep slopes with a southeasterly aspect

The gradient can be as steep as 55 degrees or more.

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19
Q

What is the required minimum potential alcoholic strength for dry AOP wines from Châteauneuf-du-Pape?

A

12.5%

This is the highest minimum in France for dry AOP wines.

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20
Q

What year was the first estate-bottled Châteauneuf-du-Pape released?

A

1785

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21
Q

What marks many estate-bottled wines from Châteauneuf-du-Pape?

A

A papal crest embossed on the shoulder of the bottle

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22
Q

What is a significant factor contributing to the character of Châteauneuf-du-Pape wines?

A

Knowledge of a producer’s individual style

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23
Q

How many hectares does Châteauneuf-du-Pape cover?

A

Over 3,000 hectares

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24
Q

Which soil types are found in Châteauneuf-du-Pape?

A
  • Galets
  • Alluvial sediment
  • Gravel
  • Calcareous clay
  • Sand
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25
Q

What traditional aging method do producers in Châteauneuf-du-Pape often use?

A

Old oak foudres

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26
Q

What is a key characteristic of Côtes du Rhône AOP?

A

It is the Southern Rhône’s largest appellation

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27
Q

What grape is the principal component of Côtes du Rhône wines?

A

Grenache

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28
Q

What percentage of Rhône Valley wines are released as Côtes du Rhône AOP?

A

Over two-thirds

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29
Q

What is the minimum percentage of Grenache required in Gigondas red wines?

A

50%

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30
Q

Which two former Côtes du Rhône-Villages communes were promoted to full appellation status?

A
  • Gigondas AOP
  • Vacqueyras AOP
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31
Q

What is the minimum potential alcohol requirement for red wines in Châteauneuf-du-Pape and its five AOPs?

A

12.5%

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32
Q

What type of wine is Tavel AOP exclusively dedicated to?

A

Rosé wines

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33
Q

What are the two sweet fortified wine appellations in the Southern Rhône?

A
  • Rasteau AOP
  • Muscat de Beaumes-de-Venise AOP
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34
Q

What process is used in Muscat de Beaumes-de-Venise to retain natural grape sugar?

A

Mutage

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35
Q

What type of wines can Rasteau vin doux naturel be?

A
  • White
  • Rosé
  • Red
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36
Q

What is the southernmost appellation of the Southern Rhône Valley?

A

Grignan-les-Adhémar AOP

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37
Q

Which appellations produce red, white, and rosé wines in the Southern Rhône?

A
  • Luberon AOP
  • Ventoux AOP
  • Côtes du Vivarais AOP
  • Vacqueras AOP
  • Lirac AOP
  • Costieres de Nimes
  • Côtes du Rhône-Villages
  • Duché d’Uzès AOP
38
Q

What are the primary varietals used in Côtes de Provence AOP rosé wines?

A

Cinsault, Grenache, Mourvèdre, Syrah, Tibouren

39
Q

What is the minimum percentage of Mourvèdre required in Bandol red wines?

40
Q

What is the primary grape variety for white wines in Cassis AOP?

A

Clairette and Marsanne

41
Q

What region is known for producing Vin de Corse wines?

42
Q

What grape varieties are indigenous to Corsica?

A
  • Nielluccio
  • Sciacarello
  • Vermentino
43
Q

What is the significance of the year 2004 for Costières de Nîmes AOP?

A

Oversight was transferred to officials in the Rhône Valley

44
Q

What is the main grape variety used in the wines of the Les Baux-de-Provence AOP?

45
Q

What year was the Côtes de Provence AOP established?

46
Q

What is the predominant climate in Provence that benefits viticulture?

A

Dry, warm Mediterranean climate

47
Q

What is the focus of the producers in Les Baux-de-Provence regarding viticulture?

A

Organic viticulture

48
Q

What is the notable characteristic of the wines from Bandol AOP?

A

Full-bodied, plummy, dense, often with an animal character

49
Q

What is a notable producer of red wines in Bandol AOP?

A

Domaine Tempier

50
Q

What year was the Fitou AOP established?

51
Q

What grape variety dominates Fitou wines?

52
Q

What is the significance of the year 1999 for La Livinière?

A

Received its own appellation for red wines

53
Q

What type of wines are produced in Malepère AOP?

A

Red and rosé wines only

54
Q

What types of wines do Cabardès AOP and Malepère AOP produce?

A

Red and rosé wines only.

55
Q

What is the minimum grape composition for red wines in Malepère AOP?

A

50% Merlot.

56
Q

What is the minimum grape composition for rosé wines in Malepère AOP?

A

50% Cabernet Franc.

57
Q

What types of wines are produced in Saint-Chinian AOP?

A

Red, white, and rosé wines.

58
Q

What are the two subzone designations for red wines in Saint-Chinian AOP?

A

Berlou and Roquebrun.

59
Q

What are the main grape varieties used for still whites in Limoux AOP?

A

Chardonnay, Chenin Blanc, and Mauzac.

60
Q

What is the distinctive wine produced from a minimum 90% Mauzac in Limoux?

A

Blanquette de Limoux.

61
Q

What is the maximum percentage of Mauzac and Pinot Noir allowed in Crémant de Limoux AOP?

62
Q

What is the overarching classification for the entire Languedoc-Roussillon region?

A

Pays d’Oc IGP.

63
Q

What is the minimum grape composition for Languedoc AOP reds?

A

50% combined Grenache, Syrah, Mourvèdre, and Lladoner Pelut.

64
Q

What are the small fortified wine appellations found in the Languedoc?

A

Muscat de Mireval AOP, Muscat de Lunel AOP, Muscat de Saint-Jean-de-Minervois AOP, Muscat de Frontignan AOP.

65
Q

What is Rivesaltes AOP known for?

A

Vin doux naturel production.

66
Q

What are the styles of fortified wines produced in Rivesaltes AOP?

A

Ambré, grenat, tuilé, and rosé.

67
Q

What must Rivesaltes AOP ambré and tuilé styles be aged in?

A

An oxidative environment.

68
Q

What grape varieties are included in the Mediterranean encépagement of Rivesaltes?

A
  • Grenache (Noir, Gris, and Blanc) * Maccabéo * Tourbat * Muscat of Alexandria * Muscat à Petits Grains
69
Q

What is the primary grape for grenat wines in Rivesaltes?

A

Grenache Noir.

70
Q

What is the minimum aging requirement for Banyuls Grand Cru AOP?

A

30 months in barrel.

71
Q

What is the main grape used in Banyuls AOP for fortified reds?

A

Grenache Noir.

72
Q

What type of wines does Collioure AOP produce?

A

Unfortified red, white, and rosé wines.

73
Q

What is the unique characteristic of Marcillac AOP wines?

A

Producing varietal Fer reds with a minimum of 90%.

74
Q

What are the Bordeaux-style wine appellations in the southwest of France?

A
  • Cahors AOP * Madiran AOP * Jurançon AOP * Gaillac AOP
75
Q

What grape variety is primarily used in Cahors AOP?

76
Q

What technique was developed by a Madiran winemaker to soften Tannat?

A

Micro-oxygenation.

77
Q

What is the primary grape for sweet wines in the Monbazillac AOP?

A

Muscatelle.

78
Q

What does the term ‘sec’ denote in Bergerac AOP?

A

Dry whites.

79
Q

What are the three colors of wine produced in Bergerac AOP?

A

Red, white, and rosé.

80
Q

What is the significance of the term ‘vin doux naturel’?

A

Fortified sweet wines.

81
Q

What is the typical aging requirement for Rivesaltes AOP wines labeled hors d’âge?

A

Aged for a minimum of 5 years.

82
Q

What are the sweet wine appellations within Bergerac?

A
  • Monbazillac AOP * Saussignac AOP * Rosette AOP * Haut-Montravel AOP * Côtes de Montravel AOP
83
Q

What is the primary grape variety used for sweet passerillage wines in Jurançon AOP?

A

Petit Manseng.

84
Q

What are the principal white grapes in Gaillac AOP?

A
  • Mauzac * Muscadelle * Len de l’El
85
Q

What is the method used for producing sparkling wines in Gaillac AOP?

A

Méthode Gaillaçoise.

86
Q

What is the minimum percentage of Negrette required in Fronton AOP?

87
Q

True or False: The Languedoc-Roussillon region produces 10% of France’s AOP wine.

88
Q

What are the AOPs that were elevated from VDQS status in 2011?

A

A number of former VDQS zones in the southwest.

Vín (22 decks)

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