Burgundy Flashcards
When were grapes planted in Burgundy?
The first century ad by the Romans on their Gaulic campaigns.
What is the first order of monks to promote viticulture in Burgundy? Where were they based? What is the offshoot of this order of monks that also spread viticulture throughout Burgundy and beyond?
The Benedictine monks based in Cluny became Europe’s cultural center in the tenth and eleventh century AD. The Cistercian monks rose to prominence in the 12th century.
Why were the vineyards of Burgundy split into smaller and smaller parcels?
In 1804 Napoléon issued his Napoleonic Code, requiring inheritances to be split equally among heirs. This edict greatly fractured vineyard ownership over time and laid the foundation for the current division of Burgundy holdings. Today’s vineyards are a patchwork: the grand cru Clos Vougeot alone claims over 80 growers.
How many cases does Domaine de la Romanée-Conti produce annually? How many vineyards do they produce these wines from? What is their cru status?
Domaine de la Romanée-Conti, one of Burgundy’s most storied houses, produces 6,000 to 8,000 cases a year divided among eight grand cru bottlings.
What are the five main growing areas of Burgundy from North to South?
Chablis, Côte d’Or, Côte Chalonnaise, Mâconnais, and Beaujolais.
What is the regional capital of the Côte d’Or and what is the commercial center?
Dijon is the regional capital, but the city of Beaune is the commercial center for the wine trade in the Côte d’Or.
What is the informal name of the lesser known vineyard areas that are in Yonne surrounding Chablis called?
The Grand Auxerrois, after the capital of Yonne, Auxerre.
Name ten allowable grapes in Burgundy. Name an eleventh and its appelation.
Pinot Noir, Gamay, Chardonnay, Aligoté, Pinot Gris, Pinot Blanc, Melon de Bourgogne, César, Tressot, and Sacy. And Sauvignon Blanc in St. Bris.
What is the four tier hierarchy of the AOP system?
régionale, village, premier (1er) cru, and grand cru
What are the allowable styles and grape varieties of Coteaux Bourguignons?
Blanc: Aligoté, Melon de Bourgogne, Chardonnay, Pinot Blanc, Pinot Gris
Blanc Primeur/Nouveau
Rosé (Clairet):
Principal Varieties: Gamay, Pinot Noir, Pinot Gris (César is authorized as a principal variety in the Yonne département)
Accessory Varieties (Max. 10% combined): Aligoté, Melon de Bourgogne, plus a max. 15% combined Chardonnay and Pinot Blanc
Rouge:
Principal Varieties: Gamay and Pinot Noir (César is authorized as a principal variety in the Yonne département)
Accessory Varieties (Max 10% combined): Aligoté, Melon de Bourgogne, Gamay de Bouze, Gamay de Chaudenay, plus a max. 15% mixed plantings of Chardonnay, Pinot Blanc, and Pinot Gris
What is the meaning of Encépagement?
Grape varieties. Usually in reference to the allowed grape varieties in a wine region or wine.
What is Côte de Beaune-Villages?
Wines are red, and grape material may be sourced from any village in the Côte de Beaune save Pommard, Volnay, Aloxe-Corton, and Beaune itself.
What wine can be made and where can it be sourced to be Côte de Nuits-Villages?
Wines are red or (rarely) white, and may be sourced from the villages of Fixin and Brochon in the north, and Prissey, Corgoloin, and Comblanchien in the south.
What is the name of the appellation for blends of Pinot Noir and Gamay in Burgundy?
Passe-tout-grains. Red and rose can be made, but rose is super rare.
What are the names of the two sparkling AOP in Burgundy? What are the differences?
Crémant de Bourgogne and Bourgogne Mousseux. Bourgogne Mousseux is an older, rare appellation reserved exclusively for sparkling reds produced via the traditional method—in fact, once the first sparkling wines appeared in Burgundy in the 1820s, it was not uncommon to see sparkling red renditions of many of the famous crus, like Clos de Vougeot or Chambertin. Crémant de Bourgogne debuted in 1975 as an AOP for hand-harvested, traditional method white and rosé sparkling wines, principally produced from Chardonnay and Pinot Noir. Crémant styles may be made throughout Burgundy, but much production is concentrated in and around the commune of Rully in the Côte Chalonnaise, where Burgundy sparkling wines were born in the early 19th century.
What is the difference between AOP and AOC?
No difference!
It’s just that the AOC – Appellation d’Origine Contrôlée – is a French label, while the AOP – Appellation d’origine Protégée – is … European. But both refer to the set of rules a wine needs to comply with in order to be labelled after a given appellation (e.g. Sancerre).
How many Grand Cru are there in all the Côte d’Or?
32
What is smallest Grand Cru in Burgundy (and all of France)? How big is it?
La Romanée AOP at .85 hectares.
What is the largest Grand Cru in Burgundy? How big is it?
Corton AOP at 160 hectares.
What is Burgundy’s largest white wine growing region?
Chablis
What are the seven Grand Cru Climats of Chablis in order from Northwest to Southeast?
Bougros, Preuses, Vaudésir, Grenouilles, Valmur, Les Clos, and Blanchot
What is the eighth unofficial Grand Cru Climat of Chablis and where does it lie? Who owns it?
La Moutonne lies between Vaudésir and Preuses and is a monopole of Domaine Long-Depaquit.
What are the three other communal appellations in the Yonne département? What do they each produce?
Irancy AOP light Pinot Noir based reds, Vezelay AOP for Chardonnay, and St-Bris AOP the only Sauvignon Blanc appelation in Burgundy.
What region lies on the western edge of the low Saône River Plain?
The Côte d’Or
What is a combe? And what effect do they have on the Côte d’Or?
These are dry, transverse valleys, carved during the last ice age by melt-water and erosion, which today serve as conduits for both cool breezes and hailstorms.
In a general way, which direction do the Côte de Nuits’ vineyards face and which direction Cote de Beaune’s vineyards face?
The Côte de Nuits faces due east while the Côte de Beaune’s vineyards turn to face southeast.
Which has more land under vine the Côte de Beaune or the Côte de Nuits?
The Côte de Beaune has about twice as much land under vine as the Côte de Nuits.
Does the Côte d’Or produce more red or white?
Red.
Are the white Grand Crus in the Côte de Nuits or Côte de Beaune?
Côte de Beaune.
What is the name of traditional barrel in Burgundy and how many liters does it hold?
The pièce holds 228 liters.
How did Henri Jayer change red wine making in the Côte d’Or in the 70s?
He popularized de-stemming.
What is the meaning of the word élevage?
Élevage is a French term commonly used in winemaking to describe the process of “raising” or maturing wine between fermentation and bottling.
What is bâtonnage?
Stirring the wine’s lees.
How does bâtonnage effect the wine?
Frequent stirring is an oxidative procedure that can round out young wines, but wines destined for longer lives do not necessarily require the immediate richness and texture that bâtonnage offers. In the 1990s, the trend was to increase the frequency of stirring; nowadays that course has reversed.
What city and hamlet provide the endpoints of the Côte de Nuits?
The Côte de Nuits stretches from the suburbs of Dijon in the north to the hamlet of Corgoloin in the south.
Name the village appellations of the Côte de Nuits from north to south.
Marsannay, Fixin, Gevrey-Chambertin, Morey-Saint-Denis, Chambolle-Musigny, Vougeot, Vosne-Romanée, and Nuits-Saint-Georges.
How many Grand Crus are there in the Côte de Nuits and which one can produce white wine in addition to red?
There are 24 grand cru vineyards in the Côte de Nuits, and Musigny may also produce white wines.
What is the largest village appelation in the Côte d’Or? Approximately how many hectares is it?
With over 400 hectares of vines Gevrey-Chambertin is the largest village appellation in the Côte d’Or.
How many Grand Cru vineyards are in Gevrey-Chambertin?
9
Name the nine Grand Cru of Gevrey-Chambertin.
Chambertin, Chambertin Clos de Bèze, Chapelle-Chambertin, Charmes-Chambertin, Griotte-Chambertin, Latricières-Chambertin, Mazis-Chambertin, Mazoyères-Chambertin, and Ruchottes-Chambertin.
Name four producers from the Grand Cru Chambertin.
Armand Rousseau
Jacques Prieur
Leroy
Dujac
What may Chambertin Clos de Béze be labeled as?
Chambertin!
What is the origin of the name of the Grand Cru Chambertin?
Origin of Name: “The field of Bertin”: a peasant named Bertin planted a vineyard adjacent to the plot owned by the Abbey of Bèze. The vineyard name first appeared in print (as “Campus Bertini”) in the 13th century.
Name four producers in the Grand Cru Chambertin Clos de Bèze?
Pierre Damoy
Armand Rousseau
Bruno Clair
Dujac
What is the origin of the name of the Grand Cru Chambertin Clos de Bèze?
Origin of Name: The vineyard is named for the Abbey of Bèze, who owned the site from 630-1219, when it passed into the hands of the Diocese of Langres. In 1761, the names “Chambertin” and “Clos de Bèze” were first linked in two separate texts.
Name four producers for Charmes-Chambertin.
Perrot-Minot
Armand Rousseau
Dujac
Dugat-Py
What is the origin of the name of Grand Cru Charmes-Chambertin?
Origin of Name: “Charmes” is derived from the Latin calmis, or “pasture land.” The vineyard lay fallow (en friche) for a period prior to being replanted.
Name three producers of Griotte-Chambertin?
Domaine des Chézeaux
Fourrier
Joseph Drouhin
What is the origin of the name of the Grand Cru Griotte-Chambertin?
Origin of Name: “Griotte” is a derivative of criotte, or “chalk.”
Name four producers of Latricières-Chambertin?
Rossignol-Trapet
Jean Trapet
Drouhin-Laroze
Leroy
What is the origin of the name Latricières-Chambertin?
Origin of Name: “Latricières” is derived from the Latin tricae, indicating things of little value; in this sense, it describes the poor, infertile soils of this vineyard. The soil here is shallower and the subsoil harder than in neighboring Chambertin.
Name four producers for Mazis-Chambertin?
Hospices de Beaune
Dugat-Py
Armand Rousseau
Maume
What is the origin of the name of the Grand Cru Mazis-Chambertin?
Origin of Name: “Mazis,” like “maison,” is derived from mas, a house or dwelling. This may refer to a small hamlet displaced by vineyard planting in the 1300s.
Name three producers of the Grand Cru Mazoyères-Chambertin?
de la Vougeraie
Perrot-Minot
Benjamin Leroux
What is the origin of the name of the Grand Cru Mazoyères-Chambertin?
Origin of Name: “Mazoyères” has the same etymological origin as “Mazis.” “Mazis,” like “maison,” is derived from mas, a house or dwelling. This may refer to a small hamlet displaced by vineyard planting in the 1300s.
Mazoyères-Chambertin may be labeled as what Grand Cru?
Charmes-Chambertin
Name four producers of Ruchottes-Chambertin?
Armand Rousseau
Georges Mugneret
Frédéric Esmonin
Christophe Roumier
What type of wine may be made in Marsannay?
Red, white, and rosé.
How many Premier Cru are in Fixin?
Six.
What type of wine is produced in Morey-Saint-Denis AOP?
Red and white.
How many Grand Cru are in Morey-Saint-Denis?
There are five Grand Cru in Morey-Saint-Denis.
Name the five Grand Cru of Morey-Saint-Denis.
Bonnes Mares
Clos de la Roche
Clos de Tart
Clos de Lambrays
Clos Saint Denis
What Gevrey-Chambertin Premier Cru is known to outperform some Grand Cru?
Clos Saint-Jacques
Name the two Grand Cru of Chambolle-Musigny?
Musigny
Bonnes Mares
What is the the one exceptional premier cru of Chambolle-Musigny?
Les Amoureuses.
Name four producers from Chambolle-Musigny.
Georges de Vogüé
Ghislaine Barthod
Georges (and Christophe) Roumier
Perrot-Minot
Name the four Grand Cru of Morey-Saint-Denis
Clos de Tart
Clos de Lambrays
Clos de la Roche
Clos St-Denis
And a sliver of Bonnes Mares
Name two top producers from Morey-Saint-Denis.
Domaines Dujac
Ponsot
What is the impressive landmark located in Vougeot?
Chateau Clos de Vougeot
What is the one grand cru in Vougeot?
Clos de Vougeot
What is the largest Grand Cru in the Côte de Nuits?
Clos de Vougeot
What are the four premier cru of Vougeot?
Clos de la Perrière
Les Petits Vougeot
Les Cras
Le Clos Blanc.
How many Grand cru in Vosne-Romanée and what are their names?
There are 8
Echézeaux
Grands-Echézeaux
La Grand Rue
Richebourg
La Romanée
Romanée-Conti
Romanée-Saint-Vivant
La Tâche
How many Grand Cru are there in Nuit-Saint-Georges?
None
What hill marks the beginning of the Côte de Beaune?
Corton
What is the only red wine producing grand cru in the Côte de Beaune?
Corton
What percentage of the village of Beaune’s wines are classified as Premier Cru?
85%
How many Grand Cru are there in Meursault?
None
Name three remarkable premier cru from Meursault?
Perrières
Les Genevrières
Les Charmes
Name three Meursault producers?
Coche-Dury
Guy Roulot
Comtes Lafon
How many Grand Cru are in the Côte de Beaune?
Can you name them?
8
Corton
Corton-Charlemagne
Charlemagne
Chevalier-Montrachet
Montrachet
Bienvenues-Bâtard-Montrachet
Bâtard-Montrachet
Criots-Bâtard-Montrachet
What village has the most premier cru in the Côte d’Or?
Chassagne
How many premier cru does Chassagne have?
55
Name two highly regarded producers in Puligny?
Domaine Leflaive and Jacques Carillon.
What river valley’s western edge defines the Côte Challonaise?
The Saône River Valley
In what year did the Côte Chalonnaise become a geographical designation of the Bourgogne AOP?
1990
What are the five main villages of the Côte Chalonnaise?
Bouzeron
Rully
Givry
Mercurey
Montagny
In addition to the regional appellation, the Mâconnais has five village AOPs, what are they?
Pouilly-Fuissé
Pouilly-Loché
Pouilly-Vinzelles
Saint-Véran
Viré-Clessé.
What percentage of Beaujolais is planted with Gamay?
98
What are the ten crus of Beaujolais?
St-Amour
Juliénas
Moulin-a-Vent
Chénas
Fleurie
Chiroubles
Morgon
Régnié
Brouilly
Côte de Brouilly
What year was the release of Beaujolais Nouveau authorized?
1951
Describe full Carbonic Maceration.
To induce carbonic maceration, a winemaker will seal whole clusters or whole berries of red grapes in a tank and pump in carbon dioxide. In the absence of oxygen, intact whole berries undergo a short intracellular fermentation, metabolizing individual stores of glucose and malic acid to produce alcohol and carbon dioxide without the aid of yeast. During carbonic maceration, tannins and anthocyanins move from the skins to the flesh of each grape, giving the juice color. The grape can develop an alcohol level of approximately 2% before it dies and the cellular activity ceases.
Describe Semi-carbonic maceration.
in this technique, carbon dioxide is not added to the fermentation vat but produced naturally. Whole clusters at the bottom of the tank crush under the weight of those above and begin fermenting normally. As the carbon dioxide released by standard fermentation blankets the whole berries above, they begin to ferment internally.
Which is more common in the Beaujolais. Full carbonic maceration or semi-carbonic?
Semi-carbonic is more common.
How many liters are in a feuillette?
132
Fine de bourgogne is a spirit produced from a base wine in Burgundy, whereas Marc de Bourgogne is made from?
Pomace
What is the largest grand cru in Chablis?
Les Clos
Which of the following is a synonym for Chardonnay in Chablis?
Beaunois.
Which of the following cap management techniques is traditionally used for Pinot Noir in Burgundy?
A) Pumping juice over the cap of grape skins.
B) Punching down the cap of grape skins.
C) Draining the tank completely then refilling over the juice over the grape skins.
D) Stirring the cap of grape skins in the tank.
B
True or False: Chablis Premier Cru is NOT an appellation separate from Chablis AOP.
True
Name four top producers for Blanchot (Grand Cru Chablis)?
Domaine Laroche
Vocoret
La Chablisienne
Long-Depaquit
François Servin
François Raveneau
Name four top producers for Bougros?
William Fèvre (two bottlings: “Bougros” and “Côte Bouguerots”)
Domaine du Colombier
Guy Robin
François Servin
Name four producers for Grenouilles?
La Chablisienne (Château de Grenouilles)
Philippe Testut
Benoît Droin
Louis Michel
Name at least five producers from Les Clos.
William Fèvre
Louis Moreau
Christian Moreau
(both Moreau estates produce two bottlings: Les Clos and “Clos des Hospices dans le Clos”)
Pinson
Drouhin-Vaudon
Vocoret
Vincent Dauvissat
Benoît Droin
François Servin
François Raveneau
Billaud-Simon
Louis Michel
Name four producers from Preuses.
La Chablisienne
Vincent Dauvissat
Jean et Sébastien Dauvissat
Billaud-Simon
Name four top producers from Valmur.
Jean-Claude Bessin
Guy Robin
Christian Moreau
François Raveneau
Name four top producers from Vaudésir.
Christian Moreau
Alain Besson
Gérard Tremblay
Louis Michel
What is the 1855 Lavalle Classification of the Côte d’Or?
Dr. Jules Lavalle creates classifications for vineyards in each commune of the Côte d’Or, and he also suggests a single classification for the entire region.
