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Viro Final Exam > Rhabdoviridae > Flashcards

Rhabdoviridae Flashcards

1
Q

T or F: Viruses of the family Rhabdoviridae are non-enveloped, have a nucleocapsid of helical symmetry in a cylindrical shape.

A

F. They are ENVELOPED!

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2
Q

Match the following Rhabdovirus proteins with their functions: A. Large (L) protein B. Nucleoprotein (N) C. Phosphoprotein (P) D. Matrix (M) protein E. Glycoprotein (G) 1. Mediates attachment of L protein to nucleocapsid 2. Attachment of nucleocapsid and viral envelope 3. RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (transcriptase) 4. Forms envelope spikes 5. Associates with RNA to form the nucleocapsid

A

A. 3 B 5 C. 1 D. 2 E. 4

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3
Q

Which of the following is NOT TRUE of Rhabdoviruses? A. One molecule of single-stranded, negative-sense RNA B. Replicate in the cytoplasm C. Maturation is through budding through the ER membrane D. Some viruses in this family are rapidly cytopathic, whereas others are non-cytopathic.

A

C These virions bud through the PLASMA MEMBRANE!!!

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4
Q

T or F: Although genus Lyssavirus of family Rhabdoviridae contains 11 genotypes, there is only one genotype that is referred to as Rabies Virus, genotype 1.

A

True

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5
Q

Which of the following countries is NOT on the list of NO-RISK countries for Rabies virus? A. St. Kitts B. Japan C. Singapore D. Antarctica E. New Zealand F. Finland

A

F. Finland St. Kitts is a NO-RISK country (along w/ several Caribbean islands)! Wow, so St. Kitts actually got something right? Or could it be because they are too lazy to test animals for Rabies and they want to collect the funds from the quarantines and import fees? You decide.

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6
Q

Which of the following animals are HIGHLY susceptible to Rabies?

A. Cats

B. Cattle

C. Dogs

D. Humans

E. A and B only

A

A and B only

Cats and cattle- the C’s CATCH rabies easily!

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7
Q

The following animals are MODERATELY susceptible to Rabies, EXCEPT:

A. Primates (incl humans)

B. Dogs

C. Horses

D. Goats/sheep

E. Cattle

A

E. Cattle

Remember, cattle are HIGHLY susceptible to rabies

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8
Q

T or F:

Aerosol transmission and transmission via organ transplant has been reported for Rabies virus.

A

True! Scary!

Bat caves, laboratories

Wear a mask!

For organ transplants, its mostly corneas but could be visceral organs

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9
Q

T or F:

In the urban rabies cycle, the dog is the main reservoir host, and this cycle is predominant in North America and Europe.

A

False!

It is true that the dog is the reservoir host in the urban cycle, but this cycle predominates in Asia, Africa, and areas of Central and South America.

***Remember, in India and Africa and areas like that people don’t spay or neuter their dogs or vaccinate them and let them run free, so its intuitive that dogs will be transmitting a lot of Rabies to people!

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10
Q

The sylvatic cycle of Rabies transmission is associated with:

A. Predominance in Europe and N. America

B. Up to 3 wildlife species often perpetuating the given strain

C. Can often occur simultaneously with the urban cycle

D. Also known as the wildlife cycle

E. A, B, and C only

F. All of the above

A
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11
Q

T or F:

Dead-end hosts for Rabies virus include humans, dogs, cattle, goats and other moderately susceptible animals

A

False!

Humans and Herbivores (most of the moderately susceptible, but susceptibility doesn’t seem to correlate with whether they’re a dead end host)!!!

Dogs are NOT dead-end hosts!!!!

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12
Q

An increasingly important reservoir responsible for human cases of Rabies in North America has been:

A. Vampire bats

B. Insectivorous bats, such as the Silver Haired Bat

C. Raccoons

D. Opossoms

A

B. Insectivorous bats

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13
Q

T or F:

Vampire bats are associated with a significant proportion of cattle rabies in North, Central and South America, and can also cause human cases.

A

False

Everything is true except NOT in N. America

Insectivorous bats= North America (except Mexico)

Vampire Bats=Central and South America, and Mexico!!!

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14
Q

T or F:

Fruit bats, one species being the Flying Fox, have been implicated in Rabies cases in Australia.

A

True!

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15
Q

Which of the following is an IMPORTANT reservoir for wildlife and cattle rabies cases in the Central U.S.?

A. Raccoons

B. Skunks

C. Insectivorous bats

D. Red fox

E. All of the above

A

B Skunks

Skunks are the major reservoir for the CENTRAL U.S. Although raccoons have been and still are the overall most frequently reported wildlife rabies reservoir, skunks are associated specifically with cases in the Central U.S. and specifially in cattle.

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16
Q

T or F:

Transmission of Rabies virus to humans from rabid cats who themselves became infected by raccoons is a major public health concern in the U.S.

A
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17
Q

The following are true of Rabiesvirus pathogenesis EXCEPT:

A. Virus enters through myocytes, and then either replicates there until a sufficient concentration of virus is present or directly enters peripheral nerves.

B. Virus glycoprotein adheres to the terminal of the host cell by binding to a lipoprotein receptor, including those for acetylcholine.

C. The greater degree of innervation of the area of the bite, the shorter the incubation period.

D. The closer to the brain the bite is (i.e. to the face), the shorter the incubation period.

E. All of the above are true.

A
18
Q

T or F:

The second stage of Rabies virus begins when the virus reaches the CNS by travelling in a retrograde fashion up the axoplasm of central and peripheral nerves.

A

True.

He may also use the word centripetal to mean upward

If he uses the word centriFUGAL, that would mean outward from the CNS to the peripheral nerves and that would be false! (Don’t think he would do that but ya never know)

19
Q

Choose the INCORRECT statement about Rabies pathogenesis:

A. Virus replication in the limbic system results in the “furious” form, the classically known signs of Rabies

B. Replication in the brain cortex, usually after the furious form, results in the “dumb” paralytic signs of rabies.

C. Late in infection, virus moves centripetally via peripheral nerves toward many organs in the body.

D. Late in infection, virus moves into the salivary glands via the cranial nerves, where it extensively replicates to reach very high concentrations.

A
20
Q

T or F:

The brains of animals with Rabies may display some inflammation, but there are no characteristic gross findings for the Rabies animal. There are only modest histological findings, suggesting the primary neuronal lesion is functional rather than structural.

A

True

21
Q

Choose the INCORRECT statement about Rabies:

A. The fact that the virus is non-cytopathic, along with neuronal cells being unable to express MHC I, causes little antigen to be released, limiting host immune response to the virus.

B. Antibodies appear in serum early in infection, and CSF later in infection.

C. Animals are non-contagious during the prodromal period.

D. Ptyalism can be present in both the furious and paralytic stages.

A
22
Q

The following statements are true regarding the dumb stage of rabies, EXCEPT:

A. Ataxia, muscle weakness and loss of sensation will be seen relatively early in the dumb stage

B. Later in the dumb stage, you will see seizures, respiratory arrest and coma

C. Death usually occurs 2-14 days after onset of INITIAL clinical signs

D. A higher proportion of dogs, cats and horses exhibit the dumb form than cattle and other ruminants

A

D.

A higher proportion of dogs, cats and horses exhibit the FURIOUS form than cattle and other ruminants

23
Q

Which of the following is considered the most sensitive and reliable test for rabies, and thus is recommended by WHO and OIE?

A. Demonstration of Negri bodies in brain tissue

B. Intracerebral innoculation of weanling mice

C. RT PCR

D. Direct FAT of brain tissue impression smears.

A

D. Direct FAT

All of these are diagnostic methods, but Negri bodies only show up in about 75% of human cases and less for wildlife; intracerebral innoculation will be positive if weanling mice develop encephalitis within 14 days.

24
Q

A dog comes into your clinic who has just been in a fight with a raccoon. The dog has never been vaccinated for Rabies. What do you do?

A. Euthanize the dog immediately.

B. Place the dog in secure quarantine for 6 months; vaccinate dog 1 month before release .

C. Just give him a rabies vaccination and send him home

D. Either A or B would be considered appropriate.

A

D. Either euthanize or secure quarantine for 6 months.

Should depend on quarantine options, owner finances and compliance of the owner; the raccoon might not have even had rabies but you should err on the side of caution.

25
Q

A cat comes into your clinic that has just been in a fight with a raccoon. The cat is up to date on his rabies vaccines. What should you do?

A. No action is necessary

B. Revaccinate for rabies and make sure the cat stays indoors and under the owner’s control for at least 45 days.

C. Euthanize immediately; cats are very susceptible to rabies and there is just too high of a risk.

D. Place the cat in secure quarantine for 6 months, revaccinating 1 month before release.

A

B.

26
Q

T or F: Rabies-Free countries have obtained this status through a rigorous protocol of quarantining all incoming dogs and cats for 6 months and utilizing bait vaccines for their wildlife populations.

A

False;

The quarantine for 6 months is true for risk-free countries, but it is endemic countries in which wildlife vaccination is recommended for control of rabies.

27
Q

T or F:

Vesicular Stomatitis is a disease caused by a group of antigenically related but distinct serotypes of viruses in the genus Vesiculovirus of the family Rhabdoviridae, with cross protection between the different serotypes.

A
28
Q

Which of the following statements is INCORRECT regarding vesicular stomatitis?

A. The most important serotypes are the Indiana and the New Jersey, of which the more virulent and widespread is the New Jersey

B. The disease has a distribution across North and South America and the Caribbean

C. It affects cows, pigs and horses to a similar extent as goats and sheep.

D. It causes influenza-like signs in humans

A

C.

It affects cows, pigs and horses more so than small ruminants

29
Q

Which of the following is NOT among the common routes of transmission for Vesicular Stomatitis?

A. Contact with contaminated milking teat cups

B. Ingestion of contaminated fomites.

C. Mechanical transmission via arthropods

D. Biological transmission via arthropods

E. Both C and D.

A

D

Mechanical is considered significant, whereas there does not seem to be much if any biological transmission going on.

30
Q

Which of the following species is the most likely to suffer from viremia due to Vesicular Stomatitis?

A. Cattle

B. Pigs

C. Horses

D. Laboratory animals

E. B and D

A

E.

There is usually no significant systemic disease or viremia, but those species have been known to present with it

31
Q

Vesicular Stomatitis is characterized by vesicles on skin or mucous membrane surfaces that have been compromised. Which of the following areas are most classic for these lesions?

A. Teat and nose

B. Tips of ears and coronary bands

C. Teat and tongue

D. Tongue and tips of ears

A

C

In fact, the whole epithelium

Other common sites are oral mucosa and coronary bands

32
Q

A major distinction between the EARLY clinical signs of Vesicular stomatitis in horses and cattle and of swine are that in swine, you usually first see a fever and excess salivation, whereas in horses and cows you usually see lameness

A

False- its the opposite

33
Q

T or F:

In Vesicular Stomatitis, lesions of the tongue are often the most pronounced in horses, whereas in swine the most prominent lesions tend to be on the snout and coronary bands

A

True

34
Q

T or F:

Vesicular Stomatitis is a reportable disease

A

True!!!

35
Q

The following statements are true of Bovine Ephemeral Fever, EXCEPT:

A. It is a Rhabdovirus under the genus Ephemerovirus

B. It is also known as the “3 day sickness”

C. It has never been reported in the U.S.

D. It is believed to be transmitted by a variety of arthropod vectors

E. All of the above are correct

A

E.

It is believed to be transmitted by Culicoides and mosquitoes such as Culices and Anopheles

36
Q

Which of the following is TRUE for Bovine Ephemeral Fever?

A. It is found in the buffy coat fraction of blood

B. It causes a “left shift” early in the course of disease

C. Findings include an increase in plasma fibrinogen and calcium

D. A “left shift” is when there are too few immature neutrophils being produced

E. A and B only

A

E. A and B only

Increase in fibrinogen but DECrEASE in Ca2+

Left shift is when ther

37
Q

Which of the following are clinical findings of Bovine Ephemeral Fever?

A. Polyarthritis

B. Polyserositis

C. Neutrophilia

D. Neurophil-dependent Immune-complex hypersensitivity

E. All of the above

A

E.

This is an inflammatory disease

38
Q

Which of the following are major clinical signs of Bovine Ephemeral Fever?

A. Excessive salivation

B. Lameness

C. Dyspnea

D. Increased heart rate

E. Transient paralysis

F. All of the above

A
39
Q

T or F: Animals that suffer from Bovine Ephemeral Fever may become paralyzed for life as a result.

A

False!

The paralysis lasts from 8 hrs to over 1 wk

40
Q

T or F: Isolation of Ephemerovirus is difficult, but often infected bufffy coat cells are transplanted into cell cultures from Aedes mosquitoes, or intracranial infusion of suckling mice.

A

True

Viro Final Exam (19 decks)

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