Revision notes: 4. Physiology Flashcards
Normal foetal blood values: o2 sats
Arterial: 25%
Venous: 75%
Cord compression leads to
Respiratory acidosis
Placental insufficiency leads to
metabolic acidosis
Electrolyte changes in pregnancy
Osmolality falls (in response to progesterone)
HCO3- decreased (in response to decreased CO2)
Na+ decreased
Cardiac output change during pregnancy
increase CO by 40%
BP decreases by
10%
ECG changes in pregnancy
LVH
LAD
Lead 3 inverted T waves
Q-wave lead 3, aVF
Plasma volume change in pregnancy
increase by 50%
Daily iron requirements during pregnancy
6g/day
Theca cells secrete?
Androgens
Progesterone
DO NOT secrete testosterone (they lack 17B-HSD)
ONLY have LH receptors
Granulosa cells secrete?
Oestrogen
Progesterone
Have LH AND FSH receptors
AXCVY central venous pressure wave forms
A - atrial systole X - end of atrial systole C - ventricular systole V - atria filling against closed tricuspid Y descent - following tricuspid opening
Three layers of blood vessel walls
Tunica interna Tunica media (smooth muscle) Tunica externa
How to calculate MAP
Diastolic BP + 1/3 (Sys - Dias)
Lifespan of a red blood cell
120 days
What percentage of caucasians are Rhesus positive
80%
Rise in cardiac output during pregnancy
40% increase
4.5 –> 6L/min
Layers of digestive tract
Mucosa
Submucosa (+ Meissner’s plexus)
Muscular (Auerbach plexus)
Serosa
What are the concerning features of variable decelerations
Lasting more than 60 seconds Reduced baseline variability Failure to return to baseline Biphasic shape No shouldering
Which part of fallopian tube does fertilisation occur
Ampulla
At what part of meiosis are the oocytes at during puberty
Prophase 1
During which process is the second polar body formed in oogenesis
Fertilisation
Life span of a spermatozoa
64 days
Coagulation factors that increase during pregnancy
V, VII, VIII, IX, X, XII
vWF
Fibrinogen
Non-reassuring CTG fetal heart rates
100-109
161-180
How often is CTG repeated in labour if normal and no concerns
Hourly
Ovulation occurs ….hours after LH surge
18 hours
LH surge occurs …… hours after E2 surge
24 hours
How are proteins taken up in PCT
pinocytosis
how are peptides and amino acids transferred
secondary active transport
Albumin change by 24 weeks gestation
-20%
change in eGFR by 24 weeks
+50%
clotting factor increases during pregnancy
VII - X INCREASE
FIBRINOGEN INCREASE
Acute phase symptoms of kernicterus
lethargy & irritability
Which neonatal tumour is associated with a mutation in chromosome 13q14?
Retinoblastoma
Congenital pyloric stenosis presentation time
4-8 weeks of age
