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Clinical > Revision-key info > Flashcards

Revision-key info Flashcards

1
Q

What does somatagenesis mean?

A

abnormality is caused by a biological disorder or illness.

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2
Q

What is psychogenesis?

A

the psychological cause to which a mental illness or behavioural disturbance may be attributed (as distinct from a physical cause).

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3
Q

When did more precise medical approaches develop?

A

In the late greek and early roman period

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4
Q

Who proposed the reasoning argument for mental health problems?

A

Locke in late 1700s

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5
Q

What is the Social theory of vulnerability?

A

Those with mental health issues were normal people who should be approached with compassion as their reasoning was affected by severe personal and social problems

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6
Q

When did the social theory of vulnerability develop?

A

Towards enlightenment: humanitarianism and social revolution

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7
Q

Who proposed a chemical imbalance was a cause of mental health issues?

A

Kraeplin (1856-1926)

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8
Q

The brain is wired to learn to associate fear with a visual image, sound, smell, tactal sensation without mediation of what?

A

Cerebral cortex

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9
Q

Which area of the brain mediates rapid unconscious processing of fearful stimuli?

A

Amygdala

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10
Q

Who demonstrated that the brain could process fear before conscious awareness?

A

LeDoux

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11
Q

Which area of the brain registers whether someone should be concerned in a fearful situation?

A

Amygdala in the right hemisphere

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12
Q

What is presumed aetiology for PTSD?

A

Know the cause of it

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13
Q

What are the symptoms of coexisting bimodal reactions?

A

For fight/flight, the patient can go in and out of hyper and under-arousal. Can get flashbacks and nightmares.

For freeze, they can have numbness, derealisation and disassociation

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14
Q

What is unipolar?

A

Low mood only

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15
Q

What is bipolar?

A

Extreme elation and low mood

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16
Q

What does unipolar depressive disorders include?

A

major depression, minor depression, dysthymia

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17
Q

What does bipolar depressive disorders include?

A

Bipolar I disorder, Bipolar II disorder, cyclothymia, hyperthymia

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18
Q

What is cyclothymia?

A

Mild bipolar

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19
Q

What is hyperthymia?

A

Over-spirited bipolar

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20
Q

What is a negative automatic thought?

A

Inner speech seen as full of negative propaganda

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21
Q

What is rumination?

A

Trapped in a cycle of negative thought

22
Q

What percent of depressive episodes recover on their own within 6-9 months?

A

70%

23
Q

What is the average number of lifetime episodes?

A

4-6

24
Q

What is the pattern of recurrence?

A 
20% at two months
30% at six months
40% at a year
50% at two years
76% by five years
25
Q

What are manic episodes?

A

Abnormally and persistently elevated, expansive or irritable mood lasting at least one week

26
Q

Need four of these to have bipolar disorder

A 
Inflated self-esteem
Decreased need for sleep
More talkative
Flight of ideas
Distractibility
Increase goal-directed activity
Excessive involvement in pleasurable activities
27
Q

What is a personality disorder?

A

pervasive abnormality of social relationships and social functioning

28
Q

What is cluster A?

A

paranoid, schizoid, schizotypal

29
Q

What is cluster B?

A

antisocial, borderline, histrionic, narcissistic

30
Q

What is cluster C?

A

avoidant, dependent, obsessive-compulsive?

31
Q

What are two issues common among PDs?

A

1) problems regulating impulses and emotions

2) problems with interpersonal relations

32
Q

What did James Olds do?

A

Put electrodes in the meso-limbic area of a rat brain and the rat stimulated itself thousands of times an hour

33
Q

Where is the origin of the dopaminergic cell bodies?

A

VTA

34
Q

What did Carl Hart find?

A

If you enrich the rats environment, they will play with other rats and not stimulate their brain

also found people prefer money

35
Q

What is anorexia nervosa?

A 
–	Refusal to maintain body weight (self-starvation)
–	Restricting and/or binge & purging
–	At least 15% below normal weight
–	Intense fear of weight gain
–	Disturbance of body image
–	Amenorrhoea
36
Q

What is bulimic nervosa?

A 
–	Loss of control over eating
–	?normal weight
–	Bingeing/purging cycles
•	Vomiting
•	Laxative abuse
–	Other signs?
•	Over-exercising
37
Q

What is psychosis?

A

Loss of awareness of socially perceived reality

38
Q

What is schizophrenia?

A

delusional beliefs, hallucinations, withdrawal states

39
Q

What is the triad of disorders in autism?

A

Social, language and behaviour

40
Q

What is the concordance rate in MZ and DZ twins for autism?

A

91% in MZ

nearly 0% in DZ

41
Q

What illnesses can lead to autism?

A

rubella, meningitis, tuber sclerosis, encephalitis

42
Q

Examples of traumatic brain injuries

A

Fast-stop,
localised neuro-trauma,
hemorrhages, infection, anoxia

43
Q

What is anoxia?

A

absence of oxygen

44
Q

Which system is crucial for monitoring arousal level and control of behaviour towards goals states?

A

frontal-tempo-limbic systems

45
Q

What percent of young offenders in Williams and Cordan’s study reported a head injury?

A

65%

46
Q

What percent of young offenders in Williams and Cordan’s study reported a moderate to severe head injury

A

16.6%

47
Q

What is narcolepsy?

A

Sleep disorder characterised by constant daytime sleepiness and sleeping at inappropriate times

48
Q

Symptoms of narcolepsy

A

Excessive daytime sleepiness, cataplexy, hypnagogic hallucinations, sleep paralyssis, disturbed nighttime sleep, automatic behaviours

49
Q

What is somnambulism?

A

sleep walking

50
Q

What are the symptoms of sleep walking?

A
  1. Eyes open during sleep
  2. May have blank facial expression
  3. May sit up and appear awake during sleep
  4. Walking during sleep
  5. Any sort of detailed activity during sleep
  6. No recall of the event upon awaking
  7. Confusion upon awakening
  8. Talking is incomprehensible and non-purposeful

Clinical (13 decks)

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