Reverse Names II Flashcards
No formal rules of logic. People construct mental models that assume the truth of the premises, and then evaluate whether the conclusions make sense. If the conclusion is not false, truth is assumed.
mental model approach of deductive reasoning?
Learning about an unknown option involves the frontopolar cortex and intraparietal sulcus.
exploratory reasoning
Choosing or exploiting a sure reward activates the VMPFC and striatum.
exploitative reasoning
How would you get 20 units, given jugs that hold 23, 49, and 3 units? Most people continue to use the same algorithm (49-23-3-3 = 20) instead of using a new, simpler algorithm (23-3=20).
functional fixedness
- All theories of WM involve multiple buffers and/or storage ‘sites’that are controlled by a central executive system. Vs. 2. Open dots = LTM. Closed dots = “activated LTM stores”. Working memory / attention holds approximately 4 items at a time.
Baddeley and Cowan models of working memory
The average value in a particular currency of the potential outcome of a decision as weighed by the relative probabilities of these outcome.
expected value
the personal value placed on the potential outcome of a decision as derived from the combination of the value and probability of its potential outcomes. The psychological as opposed to economic value assigned to an outcome.
expected utility
a quantitative decision making model proposing that people make decisions in terms of anticipated gain and losses from their current state and that probabilities are subjective.
prospect theory
The way a question is posed (or ‘framed’) will bias our decisions.
framing effects
When people are faced with a trade-off between time and money, they are more likely to pay a cost in time to save money when the stakes are low…even though the cost-benefit ratio is identical in the two conditions.
range effects
involves decisions based solely on what best matches an expectation.
representativeness heuristics
nvolves judgments based on how easily decision options can be brought to mind.
availability heuristics
the tendency to bias the perceived value of an option based on its initial starting point.
anchoring heuristics
the idea that biological limitations on cognitive processing prevent people from making decisions or from reasoning in a fully functional manner
bounded rationality
a bias in decision making in which people will pay less to buy something then they would accept to sell the same thing if they already possessed it.
endowment effect
Most decisions involve other people…who have different perspectives and information. The goal is always to maximize one’s reward. Can be cooperative or competitive in nature.
game theory
A rational player would accept any offer. But, people tend not to accept bad offers. Proposers tend to offer fair offers out of fear of this potential rejection. hyper scanning:
ultimatum game
firm technique in which data are collected simultaneously across more than one MRI scanner often while the individuals are playing an multiplayer game
hyperscanning
Neurons in the ventral striatum are sensitivity to the role of context in rewards. “Is the reward better or worse than expected?”. Neurons in the dorsal striatum are involved with creating and modifying plans for action. Updates the value of potential courses of action. Activity occurs only when an action is required for the reward (instrumental vs. classical conditioning).
actor critic learning model
the adjustment of rule for behaviour based on reward outcomes that were observed but not received directly.
fictive learning
a discipline that combines theortertical perspectives from neuroscience and economics as well as other of the social sciences in the creation of mechanistic models for behaviour. Different stimuli have a different reward value to different people. Single-cell recordings show that the OFC responses to relative valueof the rewards
neuroeconomics
Saving for the future or avoiding impulsive purchases. Most people prefer smaller immediate rewards to large future awards.
temporal discounting
Accuracy increases and RTs decrease with greater numerical distance. Example: It’s easier to say 8 > 3 than 5 > 3
numerical distance effect
When numerical distance is held constant, performance decreased with increasing numerical magnitude. RTs are longer to say 9 > 7 than to say 5 > 3.
numerical size effect
