Reverse Names II

Question 1

No formal rules of logic. People construct mental models that assume the truth of the premises, and then evaluate whether the conclusions make sense. If the conclusion is not false, truth is assumed.

Answer 1

mental model approach of deductive reasoning?

Question 2

Learning about an unknown option involves the frontopolar cortex and intraparietal sulcus.

Answer 2

exploratory reasoning

Question 3

Choosing or exploiting a sure reward activates the VMPFC and striatum.

Answer 3

exploitative reasoning

Question 4

How would you get 20 units, given jugs that hold 23, 49, and 3 units? Most people continue to use the same algorithm (49-23-3-3 = 20) instead of using a new, simpler algorithm (23-3=20).

Answer 4

functional fixedness

Question 5

1. All theories of WM involve multiple buffers and/or storage ‘sites’that are controlled by a central executive system. Vs. 2. Open dots = LTM. Closed dots = “activated LTM stores”. Working memory / attention holds approximately 4 items at a time.

Answer 5

Baddeley and Cowan models of working memory

Question 6

The average value in a particular currency of the potential outcome of a decision as weighed by the relative probabilities of these outcome.

Answer 6

expected value

Question 7

the personal value placed on the potential outcome of a decision as derived from the combination of the value and probability of its potential outcomes. The psychological as opposed to economic value assigned to an outcome.

Answer 7

expected utility

Question 8

a quantitative decision making model proposing that people make decisions in terms of anticipated gain and losses from their current state and that probabilities are subjective.

Answer 8

prospect theory

Question 9

The way a question is posed (or ‘framed’) will bias our decisions.

Answer 9

framing effects

Question 10

When people are faced with a trade-off between time and money, they are more likely to pay a cost in time to save money when the stakes are low…even though the cost-benefit ratio is identical in the two conditions.

Answer 10

range effects

Question 11

involves decisions based solely on what best matches an expectation.

Answer 11

representativeness heuristics

Question 12

nvolves judgments based on how easily decision options can be brought to mind.

Answer 12

availability heuristics

Question 13

the tendency to bias the perceived value of an option based on its initial starting point.

Answer 13

anchoring heuristics

Question 14

the idea that biological limitations on cognitive processing prevent people from making decisions or from reasoning in a fully functional manner

Answer 14

bounded rationality

Question 15

a bias in decision making in which people will pay less to buy something then they would accept to sell the same thing if they already possessed it.

Answer 15

endowment effect

Question 16

Most decisions involve other people…who have different perspectives and information. The goal is always to maximize one’s reward. Can be cooperative or competitive in nature.

Answer 16

game theory

Question 17

A rational player would accept any offer. But, people tend not to accept bad offers. Proposers tend to offer fair offers out of fear of this potential rejection. hyper scanning:

Answer 17

ultimatum game

Question 18

firm technique in which data are collected simultaneously across more than one MRI scanner often while the individuals are playing an multiplayer game

Answer 18

hyperscanning

Question 19

Neurons in the ventral striatum are sensitivity to the role of context in rewards. “Is the reward better or worse than expected?”. Neurons in the dorsal striatum are involved with creating and modifying plans for action. Updates the value of potential courses of action. Activity occurs only when an action is required for the reward (instrumental vs. classical conditioning).

Answer 19

actor critic learning model

Question 20

the adjustment of rule for behaviour based on reward outcomes that were observed but not received directly.

Answer 20

fictive learning

Question 21

a discipline that combines theortertical perspectives from neuroscience and economics as well as other of the social sciences in the creation of mechanistic models for behaviour. Different stimuli have a different reward value to different people. Single-cell recordings show that the OFC responses to relative valueof the rewards

Answer 21

neuroeconomics

Question 22

Saving for the future or avoiding impulsive purchases. Most people prefer smaller immediate rewards to large future awards.

Answer 22

temporal discounting

Question 23

Accuracy increases and RTs decrease with greater numerical distance. Example: It’s easier to say 8 > 3 than 5 > 3

Answer 23

numerical distance effect

Question 24

When numerical distance is held constant, performance decreased with increasing numerical magnitude. RTs are longer to say 9 > 7 than to say 5 > 3.

Answer 24

numerical size effect