Chapter 10: Emotion Pt.I

Question 1

What are emotions? How do basic and complex emotions differ (p. 324)?

Answer 1

Emotions are neurally based dispositions that facilitate appropriate reactions to events of biological significance, leading to outcomes that influence evolutionary success. Basic: (an emotion thats innate pan-cultured, evolutionary old, shared with other species, and expressed by a particular physiological pattern and facial configuration. Complex: emotion that’s learned socially and culturally shaped, evolutionarily new, and typically expressed by a combination of the response patterns that characterized basic emotions.

Question 2

What are three components of emotions?

Answer 2

Behavior, Feeling, Physiology: physio responces, action tendancies, subjective feelings

Question 3

What are four functions of emotion?

Answer 3

Immediate responses to situations; To influence social behaviour; Communication of intention; Provide subjective feelings that will alter an individual’s behaviour

Question 4

What are the six basic emotions?

Answer 4

anger, fear, sadness, happiness, disgust, surprise

Question 5

What is emotional valence and what is arousal?

Answer 5

valence: positive vs. negative emotions, relative pleasantness. Arousal: physio responce to a stimulus (positive or neg)

Question 6

What brain areas are affected by PTSD?

Answer 6

reduced hippo/amygdala volume

Question 7

How do vector and circumplex models of emotion differ?

Answer 7

Vector: quantittative, Circumflex is qualitative

Question 8

What is the difference between the Right-Hemisphere Hypothesis and the Valence Hypothesis?

Answer 8

RHH: pos/neg emotions are all on R.hem, Valence: pos on l.hem and neg on r.hem

Question 9

Which theory of emotional lateralization do lesion studies tend to support?

Answer 9

valence theory supported by lesion studies

Question 10

Which theory of emotional lateralization do cognitive/behavioural studies tend to support? What about EEG studies?

Answer 10

eeg studies support valence as well (behavioural studies though support right hand hypoth)

Question 11

What is the difference between the James-Lange theory and the Cannon-Bard theory?

Answer 11

JAMES: emotional stim perceived with various rapid motor/sensory response ANS. CANNON: hypothal/thal is important for emotional response

Question 12

Describe the Papez circuit.

Answer 12

This circuit involves brain areas connected to the hypothalamus. Hypothal—>anterior thal—>cingulate gyrus—>hippocamp—>hypothal

Question 13

What is Kluver-Bucy syndrome?

Answer 13

damage to anterior temp that includes lack of appreciation for the motivational significance of objects in the environment, hyperorality and altered sexual behaviour

Question 14

According to Maclean, what is the limbic system?

Answer 14

hippocamp is keybord upon which emotions play. integrator of emotional reactions.

Question 15

What is the difference between the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system?

Answer 15

sympathy: uses NRG, fight/flight. Parasym: conserves energy, one term survival

Question 16

Which brain areas are involved with the sympathetic nervous system, and which are involved with the parasympathetic nervous system?

Answer 16

sympathies is thoracic and lumbar vert. Parasym is cranial and sacral vert

Question 17

What is the startle response?

Answer 17

protective muscoskeletal reflex elicited by intense and unexpected stimulus.

Question 18

What are galvanic skin responses?

Answer 18

Galvanic skin response is sweat response

Question 19

How do OFC or amygdala lesions affect autonomic responses?

Answer 19

Damage to the orbitofrontal cortex or amygdala can impair sympathetic response

Question 20

How is the dorsal anterior cingulate related to the autonomic nervous system?

Answer 20

Receiving feedback from the body. The dorsal ACC is related to task difficulty (remember the Stroop task?). Task difficulty enhances PNS activity. Activity in the right dorsal ACC is correlated with changes in blood pressure, as well as with sympathetic N.S. responses on heart rate. The ACC is also involved in integrating cognitive processes with autonomic arousal. GSRs, heart rate, pupil responses

Question 21

What is the role of the right insula in emotional responses?

Answer 21

The right insula is related to knowledge of one’s own body state. Example: Guessing whether a stimulus was your heart beat or an altered heart beat. Arousal/consious awarness, rejects to VMPFC

Question 22

What is the somatic marker hypothesis? How is it tested, and which brain area(s) is/are most often implicated in these effects?

Answer 22

VMPFC links factual knowledge and information about ANS, endocrine, and musculoskeletal changes associated with an event. When a similar event occurs, these ‘somatic markers’ are retrieved. The VMPFC triggers reactivation of the somatosensory pattern by stimulating emotional structures such as the amygdala. Tested with Iowa gambling task.