Chapter 14: Decision Making Pt. II Flashcards
In reference to reward prediction, when will dopamine release increase or decrease?
Dopamine (DA) neurons in the VTA increase their firing to rewards. With time, DA responses are to the cue, not the reward itself. If no reward occurs, DA responses decrease.
What evidence is there showing that dopamine is related to wanting, not liking?
Dopamine is related to wanting, not liking. Rats with lesions to DA cells in different reward regions still showed hedonic responses to stimuli. But, they showed no motivation to seek them out.
What is the actor-critic learning model?
Neurons in the ventral striatum are sensitivity to the role of context in rewards. “Is the reward better or worse than expected?” “the critic”. Neurons in the dorsal striatum are involved with creating and modifying plans for action. Updates the value of potential courses of action. Activity occurs only when an action is required for the reward (instrumental vs. classical conditioning). “the actor”
What is fictive learning?
the adjustment of rule for behaviour based on reward outcomes that were observed but not received directly.
What is neuroeconomics?
a discipline that combines theortertical perspectives from neuroscience and economics as well as other of the social sciences in the creation of mechanistic models for behaviour. Different stimuli have a different reward value to different people. Single-cell recordings show that the OFC responses to relative valueof the rewards.
How is the VMPFC related to reward interpretation?
Activation in posterior ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC) is associated with willingness to pay…or to later trade monetary rewards for social rewards. Coke drinkers showed more activation when Coke was given; Pepsi drinkers showed more Pepsi-dependent activity. Suggests that areas related to reward-outcome analyses can be modulated by a priori behavioural preferences.
What does the lateral intraparietal area do?
Connects low-level attentional signals to high-level motor outputs. LIP activity changes as a function of the changing relative value of possible actions.
What is temporal discounting?
Saving for the future or avoiding impulsive purchases. Most people prefer smaller immediate rewards to large future awards.
According to meta-analyses, what brain areas are active during the analysis of risk?
anterior insula, dmPFC, posteriror parietal cortex
Steve loves diet Pepsi. When he tastes diet Pepsi, he thinks, “Mmmm…I love diet Pepsi almost as much as I love teaching cognitive neuroscience.” What would McClure and colleagues (2004) suggest is going on when Steve tastes diet Pepsi and when he tastes diet Coke?
VMPFC activates for pepsi,
Describe the study of monkeys and social reward (p. 484).
monkeys looked one way and got juice reward other way saw picture of monkey, they gave up a lot of juice rewars to see pictures of female mating display or high ranking males, but required mroe juce rewards to see low rank monkeys or grey square
How is the Iowa Gambling Task relevant to decision-making research? 491
parients with ventral prefrontal damage keep choosing bad deck, would go back to it, impare self control, insensitive to negative feedback or bodily signals about risk, no regret afterwords
