Chapter 8: Memory Pt.III Flashcards
What is the domain-specific knowledge theory? Provide one piece of evidence in favour of this theory.
This theory suggests that concepts are organized by semantic category rather than by sensory properties. Only for important concepts.
evidence: brain damaged patients who show disproportionate and selevtive imparment for one semantic catergory compared to others
Where in the brain is the ‘hub’ that stores abstract semantic knowledge such as knowing that cats and fish are both “pets”?
ANTERIOR TEM cotrtex that stores abstartc representaitons info for all semantic categories. The distributed-plus-hub view is consistent with neuroanatomical projections between the anterior temporal lobe and (1) sensory and motor cortices, (2) amygdala and OFC, (3) hippocampus (updating representations and acquiring new knowledge). The “hub” seems particularly attuned to social or person-related concepts.
What does Buckner & Gabrieli’s fMRI study of encoding and retrieval tell you about the memory being a reconstructive process?
examined encoding and retrieval of words that were originally presented as words or as pictures. Pictures activated the parahippocampal region. Words activated the left premotor / PFC region. Parahippocampal region was active when participants thought they had originally seen a picture. Left PFC was active when participants thought they had originally seen a word. Regardless of whether the answer was correct
What is the subsequent memory paradigm? Where in the brain are these effects typically found?
researchers compare encoding-related activity for items that were remembered versus those that were forgotten. Remebered/forgotten encoded the same up to 300ms, differences are after this time. Dorsal frontal=heavy lifting, ventral frontal=easier stimulus.
What is the FN400 waveform? What is the left-parietal positive effect?
FN400 effect: (Frontal negativity at 300-500ms post onset. More pronounced for ‘new items’ Responds equally for old items and for new items that look familiar (and are mistaken for old items). ) Left-parietal positive effect: (400-800ms post onset. Old items elicit a more positive waveform than new items. More pronounced during difficult retrieval tasks.)
Would new or previously seen items elicit are larger right frontal effect 600ms post-stimulus onset?
Old items elicit a larger positive waveform over right frontal areas than do new items. Activation greater during demanding conditions
What brain areas are involved with remembering and with knowing?
RDLPFC: i might know that. remember LDPFC: I for sure know that, know
Describe the AToM theory. Explain the “encoding-retrieval flip.”
Attention to Memory Model: dorsal parietal cortex, top down demanding taks(filter, so tim match it?) ventral, bottom up responding to retrieval cues(oh what’s that, tim as they appear)
What is source memory? Describe Milner’s study of source memory in frontal-lobe patients.
Remembering the spatial, sensory, or semantic context in which information was learned. Session 1 included a test in which participants learned new information. In Session 2, participants were asked if particular items were from Session 1, or was information that the participants already knew. Frontal-lobe patients were more likely to mistake the source of the information, but quite confident.
What patient group is most prone to confabulating “memories?”
Patients with frontal lobe damage tend to confabulate (Make up info to fill in the gaps in memory). They appear unable to distinguish between real and confabulated “memories”.
What is prospective memory?
Remembering to perform a planned action at the appropriate time. A major issue in independent living for patients (e.g., taking medications, turning off the stove). Requires episodic encoding and retrieval, semantic memory, and executive control. All of these functions involve the prefrontal cortex.
