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NEC 3 > Retinal Detachment & Age-Related Macular Degeneration > Flashcards

Retinal Detachment & Age-Related Macular Degeneration Flashcards

1
Q

Separation of the retina and the underlying pigment epithelium, with fluid accumulation between the two layers

A

Retinal Detachment

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2
Q

May lead to blindness if untreated

A

Retinal Detachment

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3
Q

Rare case; 1 per 15,000 individuals each year

A

Retinal Detachment

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4
Q

What is Retinal Detachment?

A

-separation of the retina and the underlying pigment epithelium, with fluid accumulation between the two layers
- may lead to blindness if untreated
- rare case; 1 per 15, 000 individuals each year

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5
Q

Etiology of Retinal Detachment

A

-Retinal break
-aging
- infection
- tumors
- cataract or glaucoma surgery

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6
Q

an interruption in the full thickness of the retinal tissue, which creates tears or holes

A

retinal break

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7
Q

what is retinal break?

A

an interruption in the full thickness of the retinal tissue, which creates tears or holes

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8
Q

shrinking of vitreous humor and pulls on retina

A

aging

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9
Q

aging caused in retinal detachment

A

shrinking of vitreous humor and pulls on retina

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10
Q

Pathophysiology of Retinal Detachment

A

Retinal break causes liquid vitreous to enter the subretinal space and causes detachment

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11
Q

Clinical Manifestations of Retinal Detachment

A

-light flashes and floaters (Photopsia)
- ring in the field of vision
- painless loss of peripheral or central vision “like a curtain”

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12
Q

Diagnostics of Retinal Detachment

A

-History and physical examination
-Visual acuity measurement
- Ophthalmoscopy
- Slit-lamp microscopy
- Ultrasonography

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13
Q

if cornea, lens, or vitreous humor is hazy or opaque

A

Ultrasonography

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14
Q

Surgical Management of Retinal Detachment

A

-Retinal Laser Photocoagulation
- Retinal Cryopexy
- Scleral Buckling
-Vitrectomy

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15
Q

an intense, precisely focused light beam is used to create an inflammatory reaction

A

Retinal Laser Photocoagulation

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16
Q

Seals retinal breaks

A

Retinal Laser Photocoagulation

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17
Q

Involves the use of extreme cold to create the inflammatory reaction that produces the sealing scar

A

Retinal Cryopexy

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18
Q

Pain is felt post-surgery

A

Retinal Cryopexy

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19
Q

Health teaching in Post op Retinal Cyropexy

A

encourage patient to take prescribed analgesics

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20
Q

What is retinal laser photocoagulation

A

-an intense, precisely focused light beam is used to create an inflammatory reaction
- seals retinal breaks

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21
Q

What is retinal cryopexy

A

-involves the use of extreme cold to create the inflammatory reaction that produces the sealing scar
- pain is felt post-surgery
- encourage patient to take prescribed analgesics

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22
Q

an extraocular surgical procedure

A

scleral buckling

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23
Q

compressing of the globe so that the pigment epithelium, the choroid, and the sclera move toward the detached retina

A

scleral buckling

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24
Q

surgical removal of the vitreous

A

Vitrectomy

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25
Q

relieves traction on the retina, especially when the traction results from proliferative diabetic retinopathy

A

vitrectomy

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26
Q

combined with scleral buckling to provide dual effect in relieving traction

A

vitrectomy

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27
Q

What is vitrectomy?

A

-surgical removal of the vitreous
- relieves traction on the retina, especially when the traction results from proliferative diabetic retinopathy
- combined with scleral buckling to provide dual effect in relieving traction

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28
Q

Nursing Management of Retinal Detachment

A

-Keep head face down with chin lowered to chest for a long time
- Don’t straighten head for more than 10-15 mins at a time
- Place patient on bed rest
- Wear shield while sleeping; retina will take 6 to 8 weeks to heal

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29
Q

An eye disease that progressively destroys the macula

A

Age-related Macular Degeneration

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30
Q

Causes irreversible central vision loss

A

Age-related Macular Degeneration

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31
Q

2 types of Age-related Macular Degeneration

A
  1. Dry AMD
  2. Wet AMD
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32
Q

non-exudative

A

Dry Age-Related Macular Degeneration

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33
Q

Close-vision tasks become more difficult

A

Dry Age-Related Macular Degeneration

34
Q

Macular cells start to atrophy

A

Dry Age-Related Macular Degeneration

35
Q

Leading to progressive and painless vision loss

A

Dry Age-Related Macular Degeneration

36
Q

exudative

A

Wet Age-Related Macular Degeneration

37
Q

More severe form

A

Wet Age-Related Macular Degeneration

38
Q

has a more rapid onset

A

Wet Age-Related Macular Degeneration

39
Q

characterized by the development of abnormal blood vessels in or near the macula

A

Wet Age-Related Macular Degeneration

40
Q

What is dry age-related macular degeneration?

A

-nonexudative
- more common
- close-vision tasks become more difficult
-macular cells start to atrophy
- leading to progressive and painless vision loss

41
Q

What is Wet Age-Related Macular Degeneration

A

-exudative
-More severe form
- has a more rapid onset
- characterized by the development of abnormal blood vessels in or near the macula

42
Q

Describe the characteristics of Dry MD

A

Unusual fuzzy or distorted vision

43
Q

Describe the characteristics of Wet MD

A

Blind spot in center of field of vision

44
Q

It contains fat & protein

A

Drusen

45
Q

Yellow deposits around the retina

A

Drusen

46
Q

What is drusen?

A

-It contains fat & proteins
-Yellow deposits around the retina

47
Q

Etiology of Age-Related Macular Degeneration

A

-Retinal aging
- Genetic factors
- Smoking
- Ultraviolet light exposure

48
Q

Pathophysiology of Dry AMD?

A

-Drusen
- Yellowish extracellular deposits

49
Q

Pathophysiology of
Wet AMD?

A

-Growth of new, fragile blood vessels
- Scar formation

50
Q

Drusen

A

Dry AMD

51
Q

Yellowish extracellular deposits

A

Dry AMD

52
Q

Growth of new, fragile blood vessels

A

Wet AMD

53
Q

Scar Formation

A

Wet AMD

54
Q

Clinical Manifestation of Age-Related Macular Degeneration

A

-Blurred & darkened vision
- Scotoma
- Metamorphopsia

55
Q

Blind spots in the visual field

A

Scotoma

56
Q

Distortion of vision

A

Metamorphopsia

57
Q

What is Scotoma?

A

blind spots in the visual field

58
Q

What is metamorphopsia?

A

distortion of vision

59
Q

Diagnostics of Age-Related Macular Degeneration

A

-Ophthalmoscopy
-Amsler Grid Test
-Fundus Photography

60
Q

The primary diagnostic procedure

A

Ophthalmoscopy

61
Q

Presence of drusen is assessed

A

Ophthalmoscopy

62
Q

What is Ophthalmoscopy?

A

-The primary diagnostic procedure
- Presence of drusen is assessed

63
Q

Detects vision metamorphopsia

A

Amsler Grid Test

64
Q

Result provides a baseline for future comparison

A

Amsler Grid Test

65
Q

What is Amsler Grid Test?

A

-Detects vision metamorphopsia
-Result provides a baseline for future comparison

66
Q

Determines extend and type of AMD

A

Fundus photography

67
Q

What is fundus photography

A

Determines extend and type of AMD

68
Q

What is the Drug Management for Age-Related Macular Degeneration?

A

Selective Inhibitors Of Endothelial Growth Factor

69
Q

Slow vision loss in wet AMD

A

Selective Inhibitors Of Endothelial Growth Factor

70
Q

Injection are given 4 to 6 weeks intervals

A

Selective Inhibitors Of Endothelial Growth Factor

71
Q

After giving the injection, they perform Ocular Coherence Tomography

A

Selective Inhibitors Of Endothelial Growth Factor

72
Q

Determine Retinal Stability

A

Ocular Coherence Tomography

73
Q

Example of Selective Inhibitors of Endothelial Growth Factor drug

A

-Ranibizumab (Lucentis)
-Bevacizumab (Avastin)

74
Q

What is Selective Inhibitors of Endothelial Growth Factor

A

-Slow vision loss in wet AMD
-Injections are given at 4 to 6 weeks intervals
- Ocular coherence Tomography

75
Q

Medical Management of AMD

A

Photodynamic Therapy

76
Q

Entails the use of verteporfin (visudyne) intravenously and a “cold” laser to excite the dye

A

Photodynamic Therapy

77
Q

Destroys the abnormal blood vessel

A

Photodynamic Therapy

78
Q

What is Photodynamic Therapy?

A

-entails the use of verteporfin (visudyne) intravenously and a “cold” laser to excite the dye.
- Destroys the abnormal blood vessels

79
Q

Nursing Management of AMD

A

-Patient must be covered since exposure to sunlight could result in thermal burn
- Diet rich in zinc to increase the subretinal fluid and the thickness of the macula
- Smoking cessation
- Drive at daytime at lowered speeds.

80
Q

What is scleral buckling?

A

-an extraocular surgical procedure
- compressing of the globe so that the pigment epithelium, the choroid, and the sclera move toward the detached retina

81
Q

What is age-related macular degeneration?

A
  • an eye disease that progressively destroys the macula
  • causes irreversible central vision loss

NEC 3 (16 decks)

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