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NEC 3 > Retinal Detachment & Age-Related Macular Degeneration > Flashcards

Retinal Detachment & Age-Related Macular Degeneration Flashcards

1
Q

Separation of the retina and the underlying pigment epithelium, with fluid accumulation between the two layers

A

Retinal Detachment

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2
Q

May lead to blindness if untreated

A

Retinal Detachment

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3
Q

Rare case; 1 per 15,000 individuals each year

A

Retinal Detachment

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4
Q

What is Retinal Detachment?

A

-separation of the retina and the underlying pigment epithelium, with fluid accumulation between the two layers
- may lead to blindness if untreated
- rare case; 1 per 15, 000 individuals each year

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5
Q

Etiology of Retinal Detachment

A

-Retinal break
-aging
- infection
- tumors
- cataract or glaucoma surgery

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6
Q

an interruption in the full thickness of the retinal tissue, which creates tears or holes

A

retinal break

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7
Q

what is retinal break?

A

an interruption in the full thickness of the retinal tissue, which creates tears or holes

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8
Q

shrinking of vitreous humor and pulls on retina

A

aging

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9
Q

aging caused in retinal detachment

A

shrinking of vitreous humor and pulls on retina

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10
Q

Pathophysiology of Retinal Detachment

A

Retinal break causes liquid vitreous to enter the subretinal space and causes detachment

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11
Q

Clinical Manifestations of Retinal Detachment

A

-light flashes and floaters (Photopsia)
- ring in the field of vision
- painless loss of peripheral or central vision “like a curtain”

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12
Q

Diagnostics of Retinal Detachment

A

-History and physical examination
-Visual acuity measurement
- Ophthalmoscopy
- Slit-lamp microscopy
- Ultrasonography

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13
Q

if cornea, lens, or vitreous humor is hazy or opaque

A

Ultrasonography

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14
Q

Surgical Management of Retinal Detachment

A

-Retinal Laser Photocoagulation
- Retinal Cryopexy
- Scleral Buckling
-Vitrectomy

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15
Q

an intense, precisely focused light beam is used to create an inflammatory reaction

A

Retinal Laser Photocoagulation

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16
Q

Seals retinal breaks

A

Retinal Laser Photocoagulation

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17
Q

Involves the use of extreme cold to create the inflammatory reaction that produces the sealing scar

A

Retinal Cryopexy

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18
Q

Pain is felt post-surgery

A

Retinal Cryopexy

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19
Q

Health teaching in Post op Retinal Cyropexy

A

encourage patient to take prescribed analgesics

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20
Q

What is retinal laser photocoagulation

A

-an intense, precisely focused light beam is used to create an inflammatory reaction
- seals retinal breaks

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21
Q

What is retinal cryopexy

A

-involves the use of extreme cold to create the inflammatory reaction that produces the sealing scar
- pain is felt post-surgery
- encourage patient to take prescribed analgesics

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22
Q

an extraocular surgical procedure

A

scleral buckling

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23
Q

compressing of the globe so that the pigment epithelium, the choroid, and the sclera move toward the detached retina

A

scleral buckling

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24
Q

surgical removal of the vitreous

A

Vitrectomy

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25
relieves traction on the retina, especially when the traction results from proliferative diabetic retinopathy
vitrectomy
26
combined with scleral buckling to provide dual effect in relieving traction
vitrectomy
27
What is vitrectomy?
-surgical removal of the vitreous - relieves traction on the retina, especially when the traction results from proliferative diabetic retinopathy - combined with scleral buckling to provide dual effect in relieving traction
28
Nursing Management of Retinal Detachment
-Keep head face down with chin lowered to chest for a long time - Don't straighten head for more than 10-15 mins at a time - Place patient on bed rest - Wear shield while sleeping; retina will take 6 to 8 weeks to heal
29
An eye disease that progressively destroys the macula
Age-related Macular Degeneration
30
Causes irreversible central vision loss
Age-related Macular Degeneration
31
2 types of Age-related Macular Degeneration
1. Dry AMD 2. Wet AMD
32
non-exudative
Dry Age-Related Macular Degeneration
33
Close-vision tasks become more difficult
Dry Age-Related Macular Degeneration
34
Macular cells start to atrophy
Dry Age-Related Macular Degeneration
35
Leading to progressive and painless vision loss
Dry Age-Related Macular Degeneration
36
exudative
Wet Age-Related Macular Degeneration
37
More severe form
Wet Age-Related Macular Degeneration
38
has a more rapid onset
Wet Age-Related Macular Degeneration
39
characterized by the development of abnormal blood vessels in or near the macula
Wet Age-Related Macular Degeneration
40
What is dry age-related macular degeneration?
-nonexudative - more common - close-vision tasks become more difficult -macular cells start to atrophy - leading to progressive and painless vision loss
41
What is Wet Age-Related Macular Degeneration
-exudative -More severe form - has a more rapid onset - characterized by the development of abnormal blood vessels in or near the macula
42
Describe the characteristics of Dry MD
Unusual fuzzy or distorted vision
43
Describe the characteristics of Wet MD
Blind spot in center of field of vision
44
It contains fat & protein
Drusen
45
Yellow deposits around the retina
Drusen
46
What is drusen?
-It contains fat & proteins -Yellow deposits around the retina
47
Etiology of Age-Related Macular Degeneration
-Retinal aging - Genetic factors - Smoking - Ultraviolet light exposure
48
Pathophysiology of Dry AMD?
-Drusen - Yellowish extracellular deposits
49
Pathophysiology of Wet AMD?
-Growth of new, fragile blood vessels - Scar formation
50
Drusen
Dry AMD
51
Yellowish extracellular deposits
Dry AMD
52
Growth of new, fragile blood vessels
Wet AMD
53
Scar Formation
Wet AMD
54
Clinical Manifestation of Age-Related Macular Degeneration
-Blurred & darkened vision - Scotoma - Metamorphopsia
55
Blind spots in the visual field
Scotoma
56
Distortion of vision
Metamorphopsia
57
What is Scotoma?
blind spots in the visual field
58
What is metamorphopsia?
distortion of vision
59
Diagnostics of Age-Related Macular Degeneration
-Ophthalmoscopy -Amsler Grid Test -Fundus Photography
60
The primary diagnostic procedure
Ophthalmoscopy
61
Presence of drusen is assessed
Ophthalmoscopy
62
What is Ophthalmoscopy?
-The primary diagnostic procedure - Presence of drusen is assessed
63
Detects vision metamorphopsia
Amsler Grid Test
64
Result provides a baseline for future comparison
Amsler Grid Test
65
What is Amsler Grid Test?
-Detects vision metamorphopsia -Result provides a baseline for future comparison
66
Determines extend and type of AMD
Fundus photography
67
What is fundus photography
Determines extend and type of AMD
68
What is the Drug Management for Age-Related Macular Degeneration?
Selective Inhibitors Of Endothelial Growth Factor
69
Slow vision loss in wet AMD
Selective Inhibitors Of Endothelial Growth Factor
70
Injection are given 4 to 6 weeks intervals
Selective Inhibitors Of Endothelial Growth Factor
71
After giving the injection, they perform Ocular Coherence Tomography
Selective Inhibitors Of Endothelial Growth Factor
72
Determine Retinal Stability
Ocular Coherence Tomography
73
Example of Selective Inhibitors of Endothelial Growth Factor drug
-Ranibizumab (Lucentis) -Bevacizumab (Avastin)
74
What is Selective Inhibitors of Endothelial Growth Factor
-Slow vision loss in wet AMD -Injections are given at 4 to 6 weeks intervals - Ocular coherence Tomography
75
Medical Management of AMD
Photodynamic Therapy
76
Entails the use of verteporfin (visudyne) intravenously and a "cold" laser to excite the dye
Photodynamic Therapy
77
Destroys the abnormal blood vessel
Photodynamic Therapy
78
What is Photodynamic Therapy?
-entails the use of verteporfin (visudyne) intravenously and a "cold" laser to excite the dye. - Destroys the abnormal blood vessels
79
Nursing Management of AMD
-Patient must be covered since exposure to sunlight could result in thermal burn - Diet rich in zinc to increase the subretinal fluid and the thickness of the macula - Smoking cessation - Drive at daytime at lowered speeds.
80
What is scleral buckling?
-an extraocular surgical procedure - compressing of the globe so that the pigment epithelium, the choroid, and the sclera move toward the detached retina
81
What is age-related macular degeneration?
* an eye disease that progressively destroys the macula * causes irreversible central vision loss

NEC 3 (16 decks)

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