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NEC 3 > Cataract & Glaucoma > Flashcards

Cataract & Glaucoma Flashcards

1
Q

An area of opacity within the lens

A

Cataract

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2
Q

Leading causes of reversible vision loss worldwide

A

Cataract

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3
Q

What is cataract?

A

-An area of opacity within the lens
- Leading causes of reversible vision loss worldwide

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4
Q

Etiology of cataract

A

-age (senile cataracts)
- trauma (blunt or penetrating)
- congenital factors (maternal rubella)
- radiation/ultraviolet exposure
- topical corticosteroids
- Diabetes mellitus

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5
Q

Pathophysiology of Cataract

A

Altered metabolic process
- accumulation of water in the lens fiber structure
- affectation of lens transparency

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6
Q

What is the clinical manifestations of cataract?

A
  • Decrease in vision
  • Visual decline
  • Abnormal color perception
  • Glaring of vision
  • Secondary glaucoma
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7
Q

worse at night when the pupil dilates

A

glaring of vision

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8
Q

what is glaring of vision?

A

worse at night when the pupil dilates

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9
Q

this is due to increased IOP from enlarging lens

A

secondary glaucoma

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10
Q

what is secondary glaucoma?

A

due to increased IOP from enlarging lens

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11
Q

Diagnostics of Cataract

A

-Visual acuity test (Snellen Chart)
- Ophthalmoscopic exam
- Glare testing
-Slit-lamp microscopic examination

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12
Q

Non-surgical management of Cataract

A

-Prescription change for glasses
- Strong reading glasses or magnifiers
- Increased lighting
- Lifestyle adjustment

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13
Q

Surgical Management of Cataract

A

-Cataract extraction
- Phacoemulsification

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14
Q

An intraocular procedure

A

Cataract extraction

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15
Q

Removal of the lens of the eye and replacing it with an artificial lens (intraocular lens)

A

Cataract Extraction

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16
Q

What is cataract extraction?

A

-An intraocular procedure
- Removal of the lens of the eye and replacing it with an artificial lens (intraocular lens)

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17
Q

Modern-day cataract surgery

A

Phacoemulsification

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18
Q

The internal lens is emulsified using ultrasonic energy and replaced with an intraocular lens

A

Phacoemulsification

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19
Q

What is phacoemulsification?

A

The internal lens is emulsified using ultrasonic energy and replaced with an intraocular lens

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20
Q

Medical Management of Cataract

A

-Mydriatics
- Cycloplegic

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21
Q

An a-adrenergic agonist

A

mydriatics

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22
Q

produces pupillary dilation

A

mydriatics

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23
Q

example of mydriatic drug

A

Phenylephrine HCI (mydfrin)

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24
Q

What is mydriatics?

A

-an a-adrenergic agonist
-produces pupillary dilation

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25
What is cycloplegic?
-an anticholinergic - produces paralysis of accommodation (cycloplegia) causing pupillary dilation
26
produces paralysis of accommodation (cycloplegia) causing pupillary dilation
Cycloplegic
27
Example of cycloplegic drug
Tropicamide (mydriacyl)
28
Nursing Management of Cataract
* Maintain safety since patient has no depth perception in the next 24 hours * Antioxidants vitamins (C&E) inhibit lens opacification * Instruct about the feeling to scratch the operative. Give mild analgesics as ordered. * Dark glasses to minimize photophobia when taking eye medications * Monitor for signs of infection
29
characterized by elevated IOP
Glaucoma
30
second leading cause of visual loss
Glaucoma
31
early detection means
early detection prevents blindness
32
consequences of glaucoma
-optic nerve atrophy - peripheral visual field loss
33
Etiology of Glaucoma
-Family history - Age - near-sightedness (myopia) -diabetes -Ethnicity (African descent)
34
the axial length increase leads to the tilting of the optic disc, causing damage to the axons in the lamina cribrosa
near sightedness (Myopia)
35
What is near-sightedness or myopia?
the axial length increase leads to the tilting of the optic disc, causing damage to the axons in the lamina cribrosa
36
Pathophysiology of Glaucoma
-Imbalance between the rate of aqueous production (inflow) and the rate of aqueous reabsorption (outflow) -inflow is greater than outflow - IOP increases
37
What is the function of aqueous humor?
-for lubrication - one maintaining the pressure and the appearance of eyeball -keeps your eye inflated and provides nourishment
38
2 types of glaucoma
1. Primary Open-Angle Glaucoma 2. Primary Angle-Closure Glaucoma
39
the most common type
primary open-angle glaucoma
40
outflow of aqueous humor is decreased in the trabecular meshwork
primary open-angle glaucoma
41
drainage channel becomes clogged, and damaged to the optic nerve
primary open-angle glaucoma
42
What is primary open-angle glaucoma?
-The most common type - Outflow of aqueous humor is decreased in the trabecular meshwork - Drainage channel becomes clogged, and damaged to the optic nerve
43
a reduction in the outflow of aqueous humor that results from angle closure
Primary angle-closure glaucoma
44
due to bulging of lens because of aging
Primary angle-closure glaucoma
45
What is primary angle-closure glaucoma?
-a reduction in the outflow of aqueous humor that results from angle closure - due to bulging of lens because of aging
46
Clinical Manifestations of Glaucoma
* Frosted appearance of cornea * Ocular redness * Colored halos around lights * Acute pain around the eye * Symptoms are unnoticeable * Tunnel Vision
47
a small center field can be seen
tunnel vision
48
due to cornel edema
frosted appearance of cornea
49
Diagnostics of Glaucoma
Tonometry
50
What is Tonometry?
-IOP measurement
51
What is the normal IOP?
10- 21 mmHg
52
Medical Management of Chronic Open-Angle Glaucoma
-B-adrenergic blockers - Miotics
53
Mechanism of action of b-adrenergic blockers
decreases aqueous humor production
54
example of b-adrenergic blockers
Betaxolol (Betoptic)
55
decreases aqueous humor production
B-adrenergic blockers
56
A cholinergic
Miotics
57
Facilitating outflow of aqueous humor
Miotics
58
Example of Miotics
Carbachol (Isopto Carbachol)
59
Surgical Management of Glaucoma
-Trabeculectomy - Argon Laser Trabeculoplasty
60
Also known as filtration surgery
Trabeculectomy
61
The gold standard surgery of Glaucoma
Trabeculectomy
62
The creation of a fistula connecting the anterior chamber and the subconjunctival space
Trabeculectomy
63
Success rate of Trabeculectomy is
75 to 85%
64
What is Trabeculectomy?
-aka as filtration surgery - the gold standard surgery - the creation of a fistula connecting the anterior chamber and the subconjunctival space
65
nonivasive procedure; topical anesthesia is given
Argon Loss Trabeculoplasty
66
decreases IOP (75%)
Argon Laser Trabeculoplasty
67
Laser stimulates scarring and contraction of the trabecular meshwork, which opens the outflow channels
Argon Laser Trabeculoplasty
68
corticosteroids are given post-surgery
Argon Laser Trabeculoplasty
69
Why corticosteroids are given after post argon laser trabeculoplasty surgery?
to prevent inflammation caused by scarring
70
What is Argon Laser Trabeculoplasty?
- noninvasive procedure; topical anesthesia is given -decreases IOP (75%) -Laser stimulates scarring and contraction of the trabecular meshwork, which opens the outflow channels -corticosteroids are given post surgery
71
Nursing Management of Glaucoma
-Risk of vision loss must be taught especially as age increases - Early detection and treatment - Corticosteroids promote healing during post-operative period (trabeculectomy) - Eye shield even while sleeping is imperative - vigorous exercise are contraindicated

NEC 3 (16 decks)

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