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NEC 3 > Cataract & Glaucoma > Flashcards

Cataract & Glaucoma Flashcards

1
Q

An area of opacity within the lens

A

Cataract

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2
Q

Leading causes of reversible vision loss worldwide

A

Cataract

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3
Q

What is cataract?

A

-An area of opacity within the lens
- Leading causes of reversible vision loss worldwide

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4
Q

Etiology of cataract

A

-age (senile cataracts)
- trauma (blunt or penetrating)
- congenital factors (maternal rubella)
- radiation/ultraviolet exposure
- topical corticosteroids
- Diabetes mellitus

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5
Q

Pathophysiology of Cataract

A

Altered metabolic process
- accumulation of water in the lens fiber structure
- affectation of lens transparency

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6
Q

What is the clinical manifestations of cataract?

A
  • Decrease in vision
  • Visual decline
  • Abnormal color perception
  • Glaring of vision
  • Secondary glaucoma
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7
Q

worse at night when the pupil dilates

A

glaring of vision

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8
Q

what is glaring of vision?

A

worse at night when the pupil dilates

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9
Q

this is due to increased IOP from enlarging lens

A

secondary glaucoma

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10
Q

what is secondary glaucoma?

A

due to increased IOP from enlarging lens

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11
Q

Diagnostics of Cataract

A

-Visual acuity test (Snellen Chart)
- Ophthalmoscopic exam
- Glare testing
-Slit-lamp microscopic examination

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12
Q

Non-surgical management of Cataract

A

-Prescription change for glasses
- Strong reading glasses or magnifiers
- Increased lighting
- Lifestyle adjustment

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13
Q

Surgical Management of Cataract

A

-Cataract extraction
- Phacoemulsification

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14
Q

An intraocular procedure

A

Cataract extraction

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15
Q

Removal of the lens of the eye and replacing it with an artificial lens (intraocular lens)

A

Cataract Extraction

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16
Q

What is cataract extraction?

A

-An intraocular procedure
- Removal of the lens of the eye and replacing it with an artificial lens (intraocular lens)

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17
Q

Modern-day cataract surgery

A

Phacoemulsification

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18
Q

The internal lens is emulsified using ultrasonic energy and replaced with an intraocular lens

A

Phacoemulsification

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19
Q

What is phacoemulsification?

A

The internal lens is emulsified using ultrasonic energy and replaced with an intraocular lens

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20
Q

Medical Management of Cataract

A

-Mydriatics
- Cycloplegic

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21
Q

An a-adrenergic agonist

A

mydriatics

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22
Q

produces pupillary dilation

A

mydriatics

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23
Q

example of mydriatic drug

A

Phenylephrine HCI (mydfrin)

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24
Q

What is mydriatics?

A

-an a-adrenergic agonist
-produces pupillary dilation

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25
Q

What is cycloplegic?

A

-an anticholinergic
- produces paralysis of accommodation (cycloplegia) causing pupillary dilation

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26
Q

produces paralysis of accommodation (cycloplegia) causing pupillary dilation

A

Cycloplegic

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27
Q

Example of cycloplegic drug

A

Tropicamide (mydriacyl)

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28
Q

Nursing Management of Cataract

A
  • Maintain safety since patient has no depth perception in the next 24 hours
  • Antioxidants vitamins (C&E) inhibit lens opacification
  • Instruct about the feeling to scratch the operative. Give mild analgesics as ordered.
  • Dark glasses to minimize photophobia when taking eye medications
  • Monitor for signs of infection
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29
Q

characterized by elevated IOP

A

Glaucoma

30
Q

second leading cause of visual loss

A

Glaucoma

31
Q

early detection means

A

early detection prevents blindness

32
Q

consequences of glaucoma

A

-optic nerve atrophy
- peripheral visual field loss

33
Q

Etiology of Glaucoma

A

-Family history
- Age
- near-sightedness (myopia)
-diabetes
-Ethnicity (African descent)

34
Q

the axial length increase leads to the tilting of the optic disc, causing damage to the axons in the lamina cribrosa

A

near sightedness (Myopia)

35
Q

What is near-sightedness or myopia?

A

the axial length increase leads to the tilting of the optic disc, causing damage to the axons in the lamina cribrosa

36
Q

Pathophysiology of Glaucoma

A

-Imbalance between the rate of aqueous production (inflow) and the rate of aqueous reabsorption (outflow)

-inflow is greater than outflow
- IOP increases

37
Q

What is the function of aqueous humor?

A

-for lubrication
- one maintaining the pressure and the appearance of eyeball
-keeps your eye inflated and provides nourishment

38
Q

2 types of glaucoma

A
  1. Primary Open-Angle Glaucoma
  2. Primary Angle-Closure Glaucoma
39
Q

the most common type

A

primary open-angle glaucoma

40
Q

outflow of aqueous humor is decreased in the trabecular meshwork

A

primary open-angle glaucoma

41
Q

drainage channel becomes clogged, and damaged to the optic nerve

A

primary open-angle glaucoma

42
Q

What is primary open-angle glaucoma?

A

-The most common type
- Outflow of aqueous humor is decreased in the trabecular meshwork
- Drainage channel becomes clogged, and damaged to the optic nerve

43
Q

a reduction in the outflow of aqueous humor that results from angle closure

A

Primary angle-closure glaucoma

44
Q

due to bulging of lens because of aging

A

Primary angle-closure glaucoma

45
Q

What is primary angle-closure glaucoma?

A

-a reduction in the outflow of aqueous humor that results from angle closure
- due to bulging of lens because of aging

46
Q

Clinical Manifestations of Glaucoma

A
  • Frosted appearance of cornea
  • Ocular redness
  • Colored halos around lights
  • Acute pain around the eye
  • Symptoms are unnoticeable
  • Tunnel Vision
47
Q

a small center field can be seen

A

tunnel vision

48
Q

due to cornel edema

A

frosted appearance of cornea

49
Q

Diagnostics of Glaucoma

A

Tonometry

50
Q

What is Tonometry?

A

-IOP measurement

51
Q

What is the normal IOP?

A

10- 21 mmHg

52
Q

Medical Management of Chronic Open-Angle Glaucoma

A

-B-adrenergic blockers
- Miotics

53
Q

Mechanism of action of b-adrenergic blockers

A

decreases aqueous humor production

54
Q

example of b-adrenergic blockers

A

Betaxolol (Betoptic)

55
Q

decreases aqueous humor production

A

B-adrenergic blockers

56
Q

A cholinergic

A

Miotics

57
Q

Facilitating outflow of aqueous humor

A

Miotics

58
Q

Example of Miotics

A

Carbachol (Isopto Carbachol)

59
Q

Surgical Management of Glaucoma

A

-Trabeculectomy
- Argon Laser Trabeculoplasty

60
Q

Also known as filtration surgery

A

Trabeculectomy

61
Q

The gold standard surgery of Glaucoma

A

Trabeculectomy

62
Q

The creation of a fistula connecting the anterior chamber and the subconjunctival space

A

Trabeculectomy

63
Q

Success rate of Trabeculectomy is

A

75 to 85%

64
Q

What is Trabeculectomy?

A

-aka as filtration surgery
- the gold standard surgery
- the creation of a fistula connecting the anterior chamber and the subconjunctival space

65
Q

nonivasive procedure; topical anesthesia is given

A

Argon Loss Trabeculoplasty

66
Q

decreases IOP (75%)

A

Argon Laser Trabeculoplasty

67
Q

Laser stimulates scarring and contraction of the trabecular meshwork, which opens the outflow channels

A

Argon Laser Trabeculoplasty

68
Q

corticosteroids are given post-surgery

A

Argon Laser Trabeculoplasty

69
Q

Why corticosteroids are given after post argon laser trabeculoplasty surgery?

A

to prevent inflammation caused by scarring

70
Q

What is Argon Laser Trabeculoplasty?

A
  • noninvasive procedure; topical anesthesia is given
    -decreases IOP (75%)
    -Laser stimulates scarring and contraction of the trabecular meshwork, which opens the outflow channels
    -corticosteroids are given post surgery
71
Q

Nursing Management of Glaucoma

A

-Risk of vision loss must be taught especially as age increases
- Early detection and treatment
- Corticosteroids promote healing during post-operative period (trabeculectomy)
- Eye shield even while sleeping is imperative
- vigorous exercise are contraindicated

NEC 3 (16 decks)

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