Inflammation Disorders Flashcards

1
Q

Inflammation of the appendix

A

Appendicitis

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2
Q

What age does the appendicitis often occur?

A

10 and 20 years of age

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3
Q

What is the etiology of appendicitis?

A

Occlusion of the appendiceal lumen by the fecalith and intramural thickening caused by hypergrowth of the lymphoid tissue

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4
Q

Clinical Manifestation of Appendicitis

A

-periumbilical pain (initial sign)
-anorexia, nausea and vomiting
-persistent and continuous pain

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5
Q

Characteristics of persistent and continuous pain in appendicitis

A

-right lower quadrant
- McBurney Point (halfway between the umbilicus and right iliac rest)

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6
Q

Assessment of appendicitis

A

-Psoas sign
-Obturator sign
- Blumberg sign
- Defense musculaire
- Rovsing sign
- prefer to lie still, occurs with right leg flexed
- low grade fever

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7
Q

Complications in appendicitis include:

A

-peritonitis
-perforation
- abscess

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8
Q

A major complication of appendix

A

Perforation

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9
Q

Perforation leads to?

A

Leads to peritonitis, abscess formation and portal pylephlebitis

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10
Q

When does perforation generally occurs?

A

Generally occurs 24 hours after the onset of pain

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11
Q

Diagnosis of Perforation

A

-complete history & examination
- ct scan and UTZ
- WBC count

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12
Q

Pain on passive extension of the right thigh

A

Psoas Sign

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13
Q

Patient lies on the left side

A

Psoas Sign

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14
Q

Examiner extend the right thigh of patient while applying counter resistance to the right hip

A

Psoas Sign

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15
Q

Pain on passive internal rotation of the flexed thigh

A

Obturator Sign

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16
Q

Examiner move the left leg laterally while applying resistance to the lateral side of the knees resulting in internal rotation of the femur

A

Obturator Sign

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17
Q

-Rebound tenderness
-Pain upon removal of pressure rather than application of pressure to the abdomen

A

Blumberg Sign

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18
Q

What happens to the abdominal wall when blumberg sign occur?

A

Abdominal wall compress slowly and then rapidly increased

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19
Q

also known as muscle guarding

A

Defense Musculaire

20
Q

Denote on the acute abdomen (Painful abdomen)

A

Defense Musculaire

21
Q

What is defense musculaire?

A

Spasm of the lensed abdominal muscle to keep underlying tissues from being disturbed

22
Q

What is rovsing sign?

A

May elicit pain through palpating to the left lower quadrant; this paradoxically can be felt to the right lower quadrant

23
Q

Surgical Management of appendicitis

A

-Appendectomy
-Ruptured Appendix

24
Q

Surgical removal of the appendix

A

Appendectomy

25
Q

Performed immediately to decrease risk of perforation

A

Appendectomy

26
Q

Done if inflammation is localized

A

Appendectomy

27
Q

Ruptured appendix includes

A

-Antibiotic Therapy
- Parenteral Nutrition

28
Q

What antibiotic should be given in patients with appendectomy

A

Metronidazole

29
Q

Metronidazole is given in what?

A

Parenteral via iv drip

30
Q

What’s the rationale in giving the patient antibiotic therapy?

A

Prevent sepsis for 6 to 8 hours before appendectomy

31
Q

Nursing Management of Appendicitis or Perforation

A

-Avoid laxatives and enema (increase peristalsis that may perforate the appendix)
- NPO ( to ensure the stomach is empty if surgery is needed)
- Local application of heat is discouraged

32
Q

Pre-operative nursing care in appendectomy

A

-high fowler’s position (to reduce tension on the incision and abdominal organs)
- early ambulation is encouraged
- Diet is advance as tolerated
- Resume activities 2 to 3 weeks

33
Q

Results from a localized or generalized inflammation of the peritoneum

A

Peritonitis

34
Q

This may be acute or chronic

A

Peritonitis

35
Q

Chemical peritonitis

A

Ectopic Pregnancy

36
Q

Bacterial Peritonitis

A
  • Ruptured appendix
  • Gun shot wounds
37
Q

Primary causes of Peritonitis

A

-Blood borne organisms
- Genital tract of organisms
- Cirrhosis with ascites
- Gi tract of organisms

38
Q

Secondary causes of peritonitis

A

-Appendicitis with rupture
-Blunt or penetrating trauma to abdominal organs
- Diverticulitis with rupture
- Pancreatitis
- Ischemic Bowel Disease

39
Q

Clinical Manifestations of Peritonitis

A

-Tenderness over the involved area (initial sign)
- abdominal pain
- rebound tenderness, muscle rigidity and spasm
- Ascites, fever and abdominal distention

40
Q

Major Signs of irritation in peritonitis

A

-rebound tenderness
- muscle rigidity
- spasm

41
Q

Diagnostics of Peritonitis

A

-CBC
- Peritoneal aspiration with fluid analysis
- Ct scan and ultrasound

42
Q

An endoscope is placed through a stab wound in the abdomen to inspect peritoneum

A

Peritoneoscopy

43
Q

Direct examination of the peritoneum

A

Peritoneoscopy

44
Q

What is obtained in the peritoneoscopy?

A

Biopsy specimen

45
Q

Medical Management of Peritonitis

A

-Antibiotic
- NG suctioning
- Analgesic
- IV fluid administration
- Parenteral nutrition

46
Q

Nursing Management of Peritonitis

A

-Monitor signs for sepsis, pain and response to analgesics therapy
- Position in knees flexed (to increase comfort)
-Provide rest and quite environment
- NPO and NG Tube is in place (to decrease gastric distention)