Respitory System Flashcards
Coryza
The common head cold characterized by acute inflammation of the nasal mucosa
Anterior Nares
Exterior nostrils
Exudate
Accumulation of a fluid in a cavity or matter that penetrates through vessel walls into adjoining tissue
Hemothorax
Bloody fluid in the pleural cavity
Hilum
Depression where ducts, nerves, or vessels enter or exit an organ
Pneumothorax
A collection of air or gas in the pleural cavity characterized by pain in side and painful breathing; can lead to the collapse of the lung
Posterior nares
Opening between the nasal cavity and the nasopharynx
Purpose of the respiratory system
To bring air and blood into intimate contact so that oxygen can be added to the blood and CO2 can be removed
Characteristics of respiratory and breathing
- Respiratory is defined as the taking in of oxygen, it’s use in the tissue, and the giving off of carbon dioxide
- 2 types of respiration
A. External respiration
(1) process of taking air into the lungs and passing oxygen from the alveoli into the blood
(2) also called pulmonary respiration
B. Internal Respiration
(1) process of passing oxygen from the blood into the cells, it’s utilized by the cells, and passing CO2 from cells into blood
(2) AKA Cellular Respiration
Normal respirators per minute?
14-20
The ________ is subdivided into smaller and smaller _____ , eventually ending in microscopic branches which divided into _______ ducts, which end in several alveolar sacks consisting of numerous alveoli (___ cells)
Bronchioles
Tubes
Alveolar
Air
The _____ the two primary bronchi, and their many branches resemble an _____ tree, and are spoken of as the ________ tree.
Trachea
Inverted
Bronchial
By the time the branches of the bronchial tree have ________ to form _______, only the internal surface layer of cells remain
dwindled
Alveoli
_______ ducts and sacs look like a _______ of grapes, with the stem as the alveolar duct, each cluster as an ______ sac, and each grape as an alveoli
Alveolar
Cluster
Alveolar
Bronchi provides a _________by which air can reach the alveoli of the _____
Passageway
Lungs
The alveoli provides spaces where _____ exchange between the ____ and the blood can occur
Gaseous
Air
Characteristics of the lungs
- Are the essential organs of respirations
- cone-shaped and large enough to fill a plural portion of the thoracic cavity
- spongy, elastic, and float in water
- The two long sit side-by-side and extend from the diaphragm to appoint slightly above the clavicles, and lie against the ribs anteriorly and posteriorly
- The medial surface of each lung is concaved to allow room for the mediastinal structure of the heart
- The long room is composed of our structures entering and leaving along which includes
(1) primary bronchi
(2) pulmonary arteries and veins
(3) bronchial arteries and veins
(4) lymph vessels and nodes
(5) nerves - Apex of the lung is the point of upper margin which extends slightly above the clavicle
- base of the Lung is broad inferior surface which lies on the diaphragm.
- the left lung has an indentation for the heart called the cardiac notch or depression
Right lung is slightly ______, ______, and ______ by about one inch of the other side
Larger
Heavier
Shorter
Blood supply to the ____ _____is the bronchial arteries which are branches from the ________ aorta
Lung tissue
Thoracic
At birth the lungs are ____, but with increased age they become ______, gray color due to inhalation of _____,____,______
Pink
moltted
Dust, pollution, smoke
When filled to ______, the lung can hold _____ cc of air but only ___ cc is inhaled and exhaled in a normal _____
Capacity
4,500
500
Breath
The lungs contain the alveoli which are essential for gaseous exchange
- ….
- ….
- Thin walled sacs are enveloped by a network of capillaries
- As blood circulates through the capillaries, CO2 diffuses through the cell membrane and is exchange w oxygen
Lobes of the lung
A. Left Lung
(1) Left Upper Lobe
(2) left lower lobe
B. Right Lung
(1) Right Upper Lobe
(2) right middle lobe
(3) right lower lobe
Functions of the lung
A. Acts is essential organ for respirations by distributing out of the lungs into the alveoli
B. Furnish a place where air can come in close enough contact with blood for gaseous exchange to occur
C. Acts as an excretory organ because an individual loses about 400 cc. of moisture per day in expired air
Characteristics if pleura
- Parietal pleura is a serous membrane which contains the line and lines the thoratic cavity, each side has it’s own pleura lining
- Visceral pleura covers the outer surface of each lung
- Pleura space is the potential space formed by the visceral and parietal pleura lying adjacent to each other which contains pleura fluid
- Pleura fluid is secreted by the serous membrane to act as a lubricant
- Excess secretion of pleura fluid results in pleura effusion
Divisions of the thorax
A. Pleural Cavities (2)- Area occupied by the lung
B. Mediastinum- space between the lungs
C. Pericardium- area occupied by the heart
Diaphragm
- Some shaped muscle
- Primary muscle involved in breathing
- On inspiration, it contracts, flattens, and moves downward to enlarge the thoratic cavity
- On expiration, it relaxes, moving upward to decrease the size of the thoratic cavity
- Has 3 hiatuses or opening for
A. Esophagus
B. Aorta
C. Inferior Vena Cava - It becomes spasmodic in hiccoughs and sneezing
B. Intercostal muscles
- Exterior intercostals elevate the ribs
- Internal intercostals depress the ribs
Eupnea
Refers to ordinary quiet respirations made without obvious effort
Dyspnea
Painful, difficult and labored breathing
Hyperpnea
Increased rate and/or depth of respirations
Apnea
Lack of breathing
Anoxia
Lack of oxygen or absence of oxygen
Hypoxia
Decreased amount of oxygen reaching the body cells
Suffocation
Stoppage of respirations caused by strangulation, aspirations of forgein object or drowning
Asphyxia
Increased CO2 and decreased O2 I’m the body as a result of some interference with respirations
Cheyne-Stokes
Alternation cycles of hyperpnea and apnea, often seen in critically I’ll or unconscious patients
Cyanosis
Bluish gray discoloration of the skin and mucous membrane caused by an insufficient amount of oxygen
What is external respiration
External respiration
(1) process of taking air into the lungs and passing oxygen from the alveoli into the blood
(2) also called pulmonary respiration
What is internal respiration
Internal Respiration
(1) process of passing oxygen from the blood into the cells, it's utilized by the cells, and passing CO2 from cells into blood
(2) AKA Cellular Respiration
Breathing is controlled by?
The medulla oblengata and the pons
Brain sends ______ down the spinal cord to the ______ nerve which inverts the _________
Impulses
Phrenic
Diaphragm
Is the brainstem is _______ injured, if the spinal cord is _______ In the cervical area, or is the _______ nerve is severed, ______ wil cease
Severely
Severed
Phrenic
Respiration
The medulla is ______ by variations in the chemistry of the _____ which are detected by __________ in the carotid body and the ____ arch
Governed
Blood
Chemoreceptors
Aortic
The major regulator of respirations is the carbon dioxide level in the blood
(A) a high CO2 level will stimulate respirations to allow the CO2 to be exhaled and O2 to enter the bloodstream
(B) a low CO2 level will decrease the respiratory rate.
Parts of the respiratory system
Nose Pharynx Larynx Trachea Bronchi Lungs -Muscles of respirations 1. Diaphragm 2. Intercostal muscles
Characteristics of the nose
- consist of 2 nasal cavalries
- the opening in the front are known as nostrils and anterior nares
- nasal cavities lie between the roof of the mouth and the cranium
- nasal cavities are separated by a vertical partition known as the nasal septum
- the nasal cavities are constructed of bone covered by ciliated mucous membranes
- at the side walls are three projections known as nasal conchae, or turbinates, which greatly increase the surface area over which the air must travel before reaching the lungs
- mucous membrane of the nose are very vascular becuase they contain many blood which bring warmth and moisture to the surface
Functions of the nose
- Serves as a passage way for air going to the lung
- warms, moistens, and filters the air of impurities
- serves as an organ of smell
- aids in phonation, especially of n,m, and ng
Accessory surface of nose
A. Sinuses- cavities lined with ciliated mucous membranes that open into the nasal cavities
- frontal
- Maxillary
- sphenoidal
- ethnoidal
Eustachian tube
Opens into the nasopharynx, and equalizes the air pressure between the external and the middle ear
Nasoalcrimal ducts
Communicate indirectly with the lacrimal gland
Characteristics of the pharynx
- a muscular tube like structure, about 5 inches long, which extends from the base of the skull to the esophagus
- lies anterior to the cervical vertebrate
- is composed of muscle and is lined with mucous membrane
- serves as a passageway for both the respitory and digestive tracts
- Passes air from nasal cavity to
Larynx - Passes food and liquid from
Mouth to esophagus
-plays an important role in phonation especially in producing the differnt vowel sounds
- Passes air from nasal cavity to
- is referred to as the throat
- has 3 divisions
Division of pharynx
- Nasopharynx
- Oropharynx
- laryngpharynx
