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Health Science 1 > Chapter Unit 6 > Flashcards

Chapter Unit 6 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
0
Q

Axon

A

Part of the neuron that conducts impulses away from the cell body; each cell has one

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1
Q

Affectors

A

Cells functioning in reception of stimuli; receiving end of sensory nerves

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2
Q

Autonomic Nervous System

A

Automatically regulates the action of the glands, the smooth muscles of the hollow organs, and the heart, often without one being aware of it.

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3
Q

Cell Body

A

Part of the neuron that acts as a sending and receiving center, carries on metabolism, and stores energy

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4
Q

Central Nervous System

A

Consists of nerve tissues that form the brain and spinal cord; controls voluntary acts

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5
Q

Cerebral cortex

A

Outer layer of gray matter of the cerebrum

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6
Q

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

A

Watery fluid protecting the brain and spinal cord

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7
Q

Dendrite

A

Part of the neuron that carries impulses to the cell body

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8
Q

Effectors

A

Nerve endings that carry out actions

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9
Q

Electroencephalogram (EEG)

A

A tracing of the electrical activity of an individuals brain

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10
Q

Fissure

A

A deep groove or furrow in an organ such as the brain

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11
Q

Ganglion

A

Mass of nerve tissue; principally nerve cell bodies, outside the central nervous system

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12
Q

Gray matter

A

Nerve tissue of a grayish color consisting primarily of non myelinated nerve fibers; contains large numbers of cell bodies of neurons

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13
Q

Hemisphere

A

Either half of the cerebrum or cerebellum

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14
Q

Lobe

A

A fairly well defined part of the organ such as the brain separated by boundaries

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15
Q

Meninges

A

The tough, 3 layered membrane protecting the spinal cord and the brain

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16
Q

Myelinated

A

Covered with myelin

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17
Q

Myelin Sheath

A

Noncellular, fatty covering of a nerve fiber

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18
Q

Myoneural Junction

A

Ending of a nerve at a muscle

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19
Q

Nerve

A

bundle of nerve fibers, blood vessles, and connective tissue outside the central nervous system

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20
Q

Nerve Fibers

A

Threadlike projections of cytoplasm from the cell body of a neuron; axon and dendrites

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21
Q

Nervous System

A

system of the body dealing with the brain, spinal cord, and nerves which coordinates body activity

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22
Q

neurogila

A

supporting structure for nerve tissue consisting of blood vessles, connective tissue, and specialized cells found only in the brain and spinal cord

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23
Q

neurology

A

study of the nervous system

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24
Q

neuron

A

basic nerve cell

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25
Q

periphreal nervous system

A

provides input sensory receptors to the central nervous system and output from the central nervous system to effectors

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26
Q

Plexus

A

a network of nerves

27
Q

Regeneration

A

repair, regrowth, or restoration of a part

28
Q

stimulus

A

any agent or influence that produces a response or increase in activity or living protoplasm

29
Q

sulcus

A

a slight groove, furrow, or depression in an organ, especially of the brain

30
Q

synapse

A

junction of an axon and one or more dendrites which transmits nerve impulses in one direction only

31
Q

ventricle

A

one of the cavities of the brain

32
Q

White Matter

A

nerve tissue consisting of myelinated nerve fibers

33
Q

3 functions of the nervous system

A

A. receive internal/external stimuli through sensory organs
B. Transmits messages to/from brain, interprets messages, stores info. and coordinates response (if needed)
C. Respond to Internal/External stimuli through motor organs

34
Q

Parts of Typical Neuron and their Functions

(Part A) Cell Body

A
  1. Acts as a sending and receiving center
  2. Carries on metabolism
  3. Stores energy
35
Q

Parts of Typical Neuron and their Functions

B. Dendrites

A
  1. Carries impulses to cell body
  2. usually shorter and more numerous that axon
  3. a neuron may have one or more dendrite
36
Q

Parts of Typical Neuron and their Functions

  1. Axon
A
  1. Conducts impulses away from cell body
  2. A neuron never has more than 1 axon
  3. May be long as a meter
37
Q

Sensory Neurons Description and function

A
  1. AKA Afferent or Receptor
  2. receives messages from all parts of body and transmits them to CNS
  3. Controlled by Thalamus- the “sensory” integrating center located below the cerebral hemisphere
38
Q

Connective Neurons Description and Function

A
  1. AKA Central or internuncial
  2. Conducts messages or impulses from sensory or motor neurons.
  3. Found only in central nervous system
39
Q

Motor Neurons Description and Function

A
  1. AKA efferent
  2. Transmits messages from the CNS to all parts of body
  3. located in muscles or glands
  4. controlled by frontal lobe of brain
40
Q

when a neuron receives a signal, it _____ an impulse on to the _____ ______ across the _______ between axon and dendrite

A
  • sends
  • next
  • neuron
  • synapse
41
Q

___ or more neurons arranged in a _____ _______ to conduct impulses from one _____ to another

A
  • two
  • chain
  • function
  • place
42
Q

impulses pass only in ___ _________ from receptor dendrite to cell body to ____ to _______ and so on

A
  • one
  • direction
  • axon
  • dendrite
43
Q

when a nerve impulse is blocked, the blocking usually takes place in the _______

A

-synapse

44
Q

Components of Reflex Arc

A 
1 Affector
2 Sensory Neuron 
3 Central Neuron
4 Motor Neuron
5 Effector
45
Q

Characteristic of nerve fiber

A
  • elongated process of neuron, usually axon, concerned with conduction of impulses
  • nerve fibers form major part of white matter, spinal cord, all nerves
  • most nerves fibers in peripheral nerves are myelinated
46
Q

Axis Cylider

A

central core of jelly-like material

47
Q

myelin sheath

A

fatty covering which provides insulation and speed impulse conductions

48
Q

neurilemma

A

thin membrane which nuclei called schwann cells completely covering the nerve fiber, regenerates fiber nerves

49
Q

mechanism of regeneration of periphreal nerves

A
  1. part of the fiber separated from the cell body disintegrates
  2. neurilemma starts to regenerate at the sight of injury
  3. remaining stump of the axon attached to the cell body is able to grow in repaired tubes
50
Q

Central nervous system contains the

A

Brain and Spinal Cord

51
Q

Periphreal Nervous system contains

A

Cranial Nerves
Spinal Nerves
Autonomic Nerves

52
Q

Cranial Nerves functions and contains

A
  • 12 Pairs

- carries impulses to/from the brain

53
Q

Spinal Nerves Function and contains

A
  • 31 pairs

- Carry messages to/from the spinal cord

54
Q

Autonomic Nerves Functions and Contains

A
  • Can be referred to as Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)
  • lie on either side of the spinal cord
  • has two sub-divisions
    - sympathetic
    - parasympathetic
  • has to do largely with activities which go more or less automaticlly
  • controlled by hypothalamus
55
Q

Constituents found in the spinal canal

A
  • spinal cord
  • CSF
  • Meninges
  • Adipose tissue
  • Blood vessels
56
Q

Characteristics of the spinal cord

A
  • small about 18in in adults
  • lies within spinal canal surrounding by the vertebrae
  • acts as great conduction pathway of impulses between periphreal nerves and brain
  • cross section of the spinal cord reveals an inner H-shaped area of grey matter surrounded by white matter
57
Q

_____ ______ emerge from the cord by two short roots, the _____ root and _______ root

A
  • Spinal
  • Nerves
  • Dorsal
  • Ventral
58
Q

cord extends from the _______ to the lower border of first lumbar vertebra or top of second lumbar ______, where it begins to taper into a “______ _____” of fibers that finally end in the ___________ area

A
  • medulla
  • vertebra
  • horse
  • tail
  • coccygeal
59
Q

in the embryo, the spinal cord occupies the ______ spinal column extending down into the tail portion of the vertebral column, however bone tissue grows ____ rapidly than nerve tissue so by adulthood the cord only reaches to the level of first or second lumbar vertebra

A
  • entire

- more

60
Q

spinal ___________ are given between third and fourth and fourth and fifth lumbar vertebra

A

anesthesia

61
Q

Components of CSF

A
  1. Water
  2. Glucose
  3. Sodium Chloride
  4. Proteins
  5. waste products (Urea)
62
Q

Purpose of CSF

A

To circulate around the brain and spinal cord to maintain even pressure for cushion and shock absorber

63
Q

Layers of Meninges

A
  1. Dura Mater
  2. Arachnoid
  3. Pia Mater
64
Q

Dura Mater Layers and Function

A
  1. Outer Layer

2. Provides Protection

65
Q

Arachnoid Layer and Function

A
  1. Middle Layer

2. Resembles a cobweb with CSF filling the subnarachnoid space under it

66
Q

Pia Mater Layer and Function

A
  1. Inner layer

2. is a thin vascular layer containing blood vessels which bring oxygen and carry away waste products

Health Science 1 (9 decks)

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