Circulotry System 1-15 Flashcards
Cardiac
Pertaining to the heart
Blood
The fluid that circulates through the heart and the blood vessels
Cardiology
The study of the heart
Circulatory System
The system to which the nutrient fluid of the body circulate
Coagulation
The process of clotting
Embolus
A clot or other plug, usually part or all of a thrombus, brought by the blood from another vessel and forced into a smaller one, thus obstructing circulation
Gamma Globulin
A protein formed in the blood which is related to the ability to resist infection
Hematology
The science concerned with blood and the blood forming tissues
Hemoglobin
The iron containing pigment of the red blood cells
Hemolysis
The destruction of red blood cells with liberation of hemoglobin into the surrounding fluid
Hemophilia
Sex linked heredity blood disease in which blood fails to clot and abnormal bleeding occurs
Hemorrhage
Abnormal internal or external bleeding
Homeostasis
Date of equilibrium in internal environment
Peripheral
Pertaining to the outer part or surface of the body; part away from the center
Phlebitis
Inflammation of a vain, especially in the veins of the limbs
Pulmonary
Involving the lungs
Systemic
Pertaining to the whole body rather to one of its parts
Thrombus
A solid mass formed in the living heart or vessel from constituents of the blood; attached to the wall of the vessel
Transfusion
Injection of the blood of one person into another blood vessel of another
Varicose Vein
Swollen, distended, and knotted veins, usually in the subcutaneous tissue of the leg
Vasoconstriction
Narrowing the caliber of blood vessels
Vasodilation
Widening of blood vessels
Function of the Circulatory System
A. Transports various substances to and from the body cells such as 02, CO2, food, water, chemicals, hormones, and wastes
B. Protects body against invading microorganisms
C. Helps regulate body temperature
D. Maintains homeostasis
E. Transports waste products to excretory organ
Organs of the Circulatory System
Heart Blood vessels Red bone marrow Lymphatic vessels and nodes Spleen
Heart
Pumps blood into arteries
Blood Vessels
Carry blood to and from the heart, and thus carry oxygen and nutritive materials to the body and remove products of metabolism
Red Bone Marrow
Forms blood cells and hemoglobin
Lymphatic vessels and nodes
Carry lymph and tissue fluid, help to filter the blood, and manufacture lymphocytes
Spleen
Form lymphocytes and monocytes, stores blood cells, and filters out bacteria and worn out red blood cells
Constitutes of blood
Blood Plasma and Blood Cells
Blood Plasma
Liquid part of blood which serves as a source of nutrition and a means of removing waste products from the body cells
Blood cells
Formed elements part of blood
(1) RBC- transport respiratory gases see C02 and 02
(2) WBC- ingest and digest foreign particles in blood, form antibodies, and release heparin which prevents intravascular clotting
(3) Blood Platelets- initiate blood clotting
Red Blood Cells Appearance
- Red, minute, disc shaped cells with central area deeper then the edges
- Very flexible and elastic
- 3000 red blood cells side-by-side are equal to 1 inch in length
- Mature cells contain no nucleus; therefore, no further growth occurs
RBC Function
- Transport respiratory gases
- Hemoglobin is the oxygen carrying red pigment of the RBC
- Hemoglobin is composed of iron and protein
RBC Formation
- Formed in red bone marrow in skull, vertebrate, ribs, sternum, and proximal at epiphysis of femur and humerus
- Formed continuously, millions every hour
RBC destruction
- Life span is 120 days
- Break apart or rupture in the capillaries of the liver and, or the spleen
- Liver breaks down the fragments
- Can also be destroyed by abnormal stress
(a) mechanical destruction, as when taking blood from a vein
(b) Hemolysis- Hypotonic solution cause cell to rupture
(c) crenation- hypertonic solutions cause cell to shrink and shrivel - Laboratory test
(1) erythrocyte count: 4 1/2-5 1/2
(2) hematocrit count: percentage count of total blood volume composed of RBC
(a) 42-50% in men
(b) 40-48% in woman
(3) Hemoglobin: The amount of hemoglobin expressed in grams per 100 ML.of blood
(a) male: 14-18 gm/100ml
(b) female: 12-16gm/100ml
(4) reticulecyte count: give information about the red cell production rate
Appearance and Size of WBC
- Colorless, ameboid-like cells
2. Nuclei very in shape depending on the type of leukocyte
Types of WBC
- Neutrophils: 60–70% of all white blood cells
- Lymphocytes: 20–30% of all white blood cells
- Monocytes – basophils- eosinophils TRACE AMOUNTS
WBC Functions
- Phagocytosis
- Formation of antibodies by lymphocytes
- Release of heparin by Basophils
WBC Formations
- Neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils are formed in the red bone marrow
- Lymphocytes are formed in lymph nodes
- Monocytes are formed in cells lining the capillaries in various organs, especially the spleen
WBC Life Span
One- 12 days
WBC Laboratory Test
Leukocyte count – 5000–10,000/cu. mm.
Appearance of Platelets
Round or oval disks
Function of platelets
Initiate clotting mechanism
Formation of platelets
Red bone marrow
Laboratory test of platelets
200,000 – 500,000 mm³
Life Span of platelets
1-4 days
Color of blood
- Unoxygenated blood carried by veins is purple or deep red
2. Oxygenated blood carried by arteries is bright red
Taste of blood
Slightly metallic and salty
Reaction of blood
Slightly alkaline, pH 7.35–7.45
Specific Gravity of blood
1.050–1.065 slightly heavier than water
Amount of blood
Very is in weight and sex of the individual but the average total is 5000 to 5500 cm³ in average plasma
Consistency of blood
- 45% cells, 55% plasma
2. 78% water, 22% solids
Composition of blood plasma
- Water 90%
- Solutes 10%
- Electrolytes – mineral salts
- Nutrients – glucose, amino acids, fats
- Metabolic wastes – urea, uric acid, creatine, lactic acid
- Regulatory substances – hormones, enzymes
- Respiratory gases – 02, CO2
- Protective substances – anti-bodies
Rh Factor
A. About 85% of all individuals have another red cell protein called Rh factor and are RH positive
B. About 15% of all individuals do not have this protein and are RH negative
C. When RH positive blood is given to them RH negative person, the recipient can produce counteracting proteins called antibodies, which will destroy the erythrocytes of Rh positive blood
D. And RH negative mother may become sensitized by proteins from it Rh positive baby
E. During a later pregnancy, a mother’s antibodies may pass into the blood of the unborn infant and causes erythroblastosis fetails, a destruction of the baby’s erythrocytes. the baby would require a complete blood replacement with Rh negative blood
4 blood groups
- Type O +-
- Type A +-
- Type B +-
- Type AB +-
Type O +-
- 45% incidence
- Donates two types a, B, AB, O
- Called the universal donor
- Receives type O
Type A +-
- 41% incidence
- Donates two types A and AB
- Receives type A and O
Type B +/-
- 10% incidence
- Donates to types B and AB
- Receives types B and O
Type AB +-
- 4% incidence
- Donates to type AB
- Receives Type A, B, AB, and O
- Called universal recipient
Blood Clotting Mechanism
- When cells are injured, platelets release thromboplastin
- Liver releases prothrombin and fibrinogen
- Prothrombin and thromboplastin form thrombin
- Thrombin plus fibrinogen form fibrin, a network of fine threads which catch red blood cells
- Network becomes a blood clot, called a thrombus
Is a ____ chambered, ______, muscular organ, shaped roughly like a mans closed _____
4
Hollow
Fist
How much does a heart weight
250-350 grams
Lies in the _________ suspended by the _____ vessels with approximately 2/3s of it’s mass to the ____ of the midline of the body
Mediastinum
Great
Left
Is placed in the body in an ______ position with the _____ side almost in front of the left
Oblique
Right
Lower border is called the ____ and lies on the ______ pointing to the left
Apex
Diaphragm
Upper border is called the _____ and lies on the __ rib
Base
2nd
Is divided into 4 chambers
- septum goes from base of apex to divide into R and L halves
- Right half contains venous blood, left arterial blood
- Halves are divided by valves into upper and lower, resulting in 4 chambers
3 distinct layers of the heart
Epicardium
Myocardium
Endocardium
The covering of the heart
- is covered by pericardium
- Pericardium consist of 2 parts
(a) parietal pericardium- outer fiberous layer which forms a loose fitting sac In which the heart lies
(b) visceral pericardium (epicardium) inner serous layer (outer layer of heart itself) - Pericardial space lies between the two layers
- Serous fluid fills pericardial space
- And excessive amount of fluid in the pericardial space is called pericardial effusion
- The pericardium provides a completely enclosed and protective sac in which the heart lies
- Inflammation of the pericardium is called pericarditis
Layers of the heart
Epicardium- serous membrane adherent to the outside
Myocardium- main substance of the heart, specially constructed of cardiac muscle tissue; contracts to decrease the size of the heart and force blood out of its chambers
Endocardium- lines the inner surface of the chambers of the heart, and covers the valves within the heart
