Chapter 16 First Aid Flashcards
Wound
is injury of the soft tissue
First Aid
intermediate care given to minimize affect on victim
Abrasion
a type of wound where the skin is scraped off. bleeding us usually limited
incision
a cut or injury caused by a razor sharp object
(knife, scaple, scissors) if the cut is deep, can lead to exessive blood loss
laceration
tearing of the tissue by excessive force, wound is jagged and irregular shape. if wound is deep, can cause contamination and infection.
puncture
caused by a pin or nail or GWS are punctures. can be dangerous because it is deep and you’re not able to see whats hidden under. internal bleeding is also a thing to consider, external bleeding is usually limited
avulsion
tissue torn from victims body (ear, nose, hand or other body parts)
perserve flesh, a surgeon might be able to reattatch it. bleeding can be extensive
amputation
when a body part of cut off. bleeding can be extensive. perserve amputated body part.
arterial blood usually _______ out the wound. what color is it?
spurts
a bright red
venous blood is _______.
and it is what color
slower
dark red or maroon.
capillary blood _____ out. less _____. and _______ easily
ozzes
red
clots
try to evade blood to blood contact, use________
protective gear
describe direct pressure
cover wound with clean or sterile cloths and apply pressure for 5-10 minutes. will stop most bleeding
describe elevation
raise injured body part above victims heart and let gravity stop blood flow to wound and keep applying direct pressure
describe pressure points when stopping bleeding
apply pressure to the main artery supplying that body part, since it stops circulation, don’t keep on for long. its dangerous to the body part. keep direct pressure and elevation when ‘pressure points’ is being applied to pressure point
procedure for severe bleeding and wounds
check scene, move if nessesary, call ems,provide care.
put on protective gear if possiable, apply pressure to wound with cloth or gauze, if it bleeds through, put another on top of it and keep pressure. elevate body part unless it has a broken bone. to hold dressing in place, apply pressure bandage.
if bleeding continues, apply pressure point.
tell victim to remain calm.
procedure for minor wounds
wash hands
clean wound with sterile gauze, soap, and water
rinse thouroughly
apply gauze
look for infection
if a puncture wound ask victim to consult doctor about tetnus
what is shock?
(hypoperfusion) signs of inaduqate amount of blood to organs, especailly heart and brain
causes of shock
hemmorage excessive pain infection drugs gases psychological trauma burns vomiting diareahh
signs and symptoms of shock
pale or cyanotic skin cool to touch diaphoresis (excessive persperation) rapid weak pulse dif. to feel rapid,shallow,irregular respirations low BP general weakness anxiety and extreme restlessness excessive thurst, nausea or vomiting blurred vision, pupils dilate
Anaphylactic Shock Cause
allergic reaction to a substance (food,drugs,incect,snake) bites
Anaphylactic Shock Description
body releases histamine and causes vasodilation, BP lowers, hives, and respiratory distress
Cardiogenic Shock Cause
damage to heart muscle from heart attack or cardiac arrest
Cardiogenic Shock Description
heart cant effectively pump blood to body cells
Hemmorhgiac Shock Cause
severe blood loss or blood plasma
Hemmorhagic Shock Description
decrease in blood volume causes low BP
decrease blood flow to body cells
Metabolic Shock Cause
loss of body fluid from severe diarreah, vomitting, or heat ilness
disruption in acid/base balance as occurs in diabetes
Metabolic Shock Description
hehydration and disruption of acid/base balance, BP drops
Neurogenic Shock Cause
injury to brain or spinal cord
Neurogenic Shock description
nervous system loses ability to control the size of blood vessles, blood vessels dilate and BP drops
Psychogenic Shock Cause
emotional distress
Psychogenic Shock Description
emotional response causes sudden dilation of blood vessles,
blood pools in areas away from brain, some ppl faint
Respiratory Shock Cause
trauma to respiratory tract or respiratory arrest (chronic disease, choking)
Respiratory Shock Description
interferes with exchange in oxygen and CO2 between lungs and blood stream. insufficient oxygen supply
Septic Shock Cause
Acute Infection (toxic shock syndrome)
Septic Shock Description
Poisons or toxins cause vasodilation, BP drops, less oxygen to cells
treatment for shock
- eliminate cause of shock
- improve circulation, especially to brain and heart
- provide oxygen supply
- maintain body temperature
- keep flat on back
- rise feet 12 in. to help supply blood to brain and heart
- if vomiting and bleeding from mouth, place on victims side, raise victims head if necessary
- position victim bases on the injury, if neck injury, lay on back with head slightly raised
- avoid over heating
- avoid food or drinks
Providing First Aid for Shock
- scene, check consciousness and breathing, call EMS, provide care, control severe bleeding
- call for help
- observe for signs of shock
- reduce or eliminate cause of shock. control bleeding, provide oxygen, ease pain and position victim comfortably, emotional support.
- position victim based on observable injuries. if spine injury- dont move. blood or vomit in mouth- place on side and allow fluids to flow. breathing probs- on back and slightly raise head and shoulders. head injury- lie flat with head lightly raised
- to improve circulation, raise feet 12 inches, if there is pain, lower legs. dont raise legs if you have a spine, neck or head injury.
- place blankets to prevent chilling, but dont overheat
- no food or drinks, if complains about severe thirst, moist cloth on lips and tounge
- keep victim calm
posioning
any substance that causes a harmful reaction.
ingesting poisoning
call posion control center or physician immediately, if you cant most areas have poison control centers on specific antidotes or treatments.
save label or container of substance to show physician or PCC
estimate how much was taken and time ingested
if victim vomits, save sample of vomit
if PCC tells you to induce vomit, tickle back of throat or give warm salt water to drink, or ipecac syrup followed by water only if PCC says its ok
activated charcoal to concious victims so it is not absorbed by body, only if PCC says its ok
ways to induce vomiting
tickle back of throat
warm saltwater
or ipecac syrup folled by water
inhalation of poison
breath fresh air before entering contaminated area to save victim, dont inhale poison.
check victim for breathing
provide artifical breathing if needed
obtain ems, death happens quickly when inhaling poisons
contact poison
flush with large amounts of water for 15-20 minutes
remove objects containing poison
call PCC or physcian for info
obtain ems asap for burns or injuries that contact with poison
contact with poisonous plants
wash with soap and water
apply calomine lotion if weeping for 2-3 days
if worstens get medical help
injection of poison
remove embedded stinger by scraping edge of skin with a ridged card such as credit card or tounge depressor
wash area with soap and water
apply sterile dressing and cold water
embedded tick steps
use tweezers to slowly pull away from skin
wash thoroughly with soap and water
apply antiseptic
watch for signs of infection
obtain for medical help if needed
snakebite or spider bite
wash wound
immobilize wounded area, lower heart rate to slow poison speed
do not cut wound or apply tourniquet
monitor breathing of victim and give artifical breathing if needed
get medical help ASAP
first aid for poisoning (concious)
1 same as always
2 check for signs of poisoning
3 if victim is concious, not convlusing, determine poison ingested and how much, call PCC for treatment, if vomit save sample
4 induce vomit if needed (not if unconcious or convulsing, has burned lips, swalloed an acid, alkali, or petroleum product)
5. give activated charcoal if ok, follow PCC directions
first aid procedures (unconcious)
1 check for breathing if not give CPR or rescue breathing
2 if breathing position on side to drain fluids
3 call PCC for special treatment
4 save poison container if possible
first aid procedures poison skin contact
1 flush with large amounts of water and remove objects with substance with it, Get help
first aid for poisonous plants
1 flush with water and wash thoroughly with soap and water
2 if weeping soars, use calomine or caradryl or paste of (baking soda and water) to relive discomfort
3 get help if worstens
first aid for inhaling gasses
1 take breath of fresh air to rescue victim from area
2 when in safe area give rescue breaths or CPR if needed
3 gets medical help ASAP
poison from snakebite or insect
1 if appendage affected, lower below heart level
2 insect bite, remove stinger and wash with soap and water, apply sterile dressing and cold pack to reduce swellling
3 tick- remove with tweezers gently, wash with soap and water and apply antiseptic, get medical help
4 snakebite- wash wound, immobilize affected area to reduce heart rate, position lower than heart if possible, monitor breathing and get medical help ASAP
5 watch for signs or symptoms of shock or allergic reaction and get help ASAP. Treat for shock if nessecary
superficial burn (first degree)
least severe, damage to epidermis, heals in about a week
sunburn, breif contact with hot object, weak exposure to acid or alkali
partial thickness ( second degree burn)
damage to dermis and epidermis, blister or vesicle form, moltted apperance, or wet apperance, painful burn, about a month recovery. (exessive sun exposure, artificial radiation, hot or boiling liquids, contact with fire)
full thickness (third degree burn)
injury to all layers of skin plus underlying tissue, extremly painful, life threatening (fluid loss, infection, shock)
(FIRES, long contact with hot objects, electricity, immersion in hot or boiling water)
first and second degree burns treatment
flush with large amunts of cool water ( do not use ice or ice water) apply sterile gauze and blot dry.
if nonadhesive dressing avaliable use them, wont stick to burn
if nessesary get medical help
severe burns treatment
1 call medical help!
2 cover with thick, sterile dressing
3 if legs burned, dont let victim walk
4 dont removed objects attached to burn areas
5 give rescue breathing or treatment for shock if nessesary
chemical burns treatment
1 flush with large amount of water
2 gently remove objects with chemicals
3 continue flushing and get medical help
4 same with eyes , get up all inside the eyes, every corner and erythang
First Aid for Burned Areas
superficial
1 same as always
2 checked and classify burned areas
3 flush with cool water apply clean gauze thats cold if water isnt avaliable
4 apply cold water until pain subsides
5 apply sterile gauze ( nonadhesive is avaliable) and dont pop blisters if appeared
6 if possiable, elevate burned areas
7 get help if 10% on child and 15% of adult burned
8 dont apply cotton or ointment
First Aid for severe burns
1 Call For Help 2 thick sterile dressing 3 dont remove any objects burned on skin 4 if appendages burned, elevate 5 if head or faced burned and difficulties breathing, elevate head 6 watch for shock and treat if necessary
First aid for chemical burns
1 flush with large amounts of water for 15-20 mins
2 remove articles of clothing affected
3 continue flushing with cool water
4 get medical help
first aid for chemical gasses
1 if wearing contacts, remove them
2 tilt head towards injured side
3 hold eyelid from eye pull torwds 4head and apply cool water
4 flush for 15-30 minutes
things to always do while providing first aid
- check area
- check victim
- call ems
- if ok to move victim if needed, move victim
- control bleeing
- reassure victim your providing care
- wash hands afterwards
what are heat cramps and treatment
muscle pains and spasms due to lost of water and salt through persperation
-firm pressure and move to cool area and small sips of water
what is heat exhaustion and treatment and signs and symptoms
lost of fluid through perspiration
S&S- pale skin, clammy skin, diaphoresis, fatigue, weakness, heat cramps, fainting, BT slightly elevated
Treatment- move to cooler areas, remove exessive clothing, wet clothing, lie victim down and elevate feet 12 inches, small sips of cool water ( 4 oz every 15 minutes if alert and concious)
heat stroke and treatment
body temp of 105+, defenses stop working, rapid pulse but strong,
convulsions and death very rapid
ice packs on wrist, ankles, axillary, and groin. be alert for shock GET HELP!!
First Aid 4 heat exposure (heat cramps)
1 observe for heat stroke and move to cool area check signs and symptoms
2 heat cramps- apply pressure and encourage relaxation
3 if alert and concious give small sips of water
4 cramps get worst, get medical help
First aid for Heat Exaustion
1 move to cool area and lie victim down
2 loosen and remove excessive clothing
3 apply cool, wet clothing to de face
4 give small sips of water if conscious ( 4 ounces every 15 mins)
5 in complains about naesua get medical help
First Aid for Heat Stroke
1 Immediatly move to cool area and remove excessive clothing
2 sponge bare skin with cool water or ice packs on wrists, ankles, axillary, and groin, or in tub of cool water. monitor baths
3 if vomiting occurs, lie on side and let fluids drain and provide care based on breathing
4 get Medical Help Immediately
5 be alert for signs of shock and treat
Hypothermia
body temperature below 95 degrees, warming too quickly could cause dangerous heart arrythmias
Frost Bite
freezing of tissue fluid that damages skin and underlying tissues
immurse in water 100-104 degrees to warm up
(dont rub and massage or heat lamps or anything warmer than 104, causes gangrene.) dont walk or use affected areas. dry sterile gauze inbetween toes to prevent rubbing
First Aid for Cold Exposure
1 same as always
2 observe victim closley for (shivers, weakness or drowsiness) check for numbnesss
3 move victim to warm area and remove any wet or frozen clothing, loosen tight clothing
4 slowly warm victims by blankets and warm clothing, if frostbite immerse in water (100-104) dont rapidly warm victim
5 when rewarmed, dry area and gauze between skins to prevent rubbing and dont allow to walk
whats a fracture
break in a bone
whats a sprain
injury to tissues surrounding a joint
whats a strain
overstretch of muscle
Splints
devices to immobilize injured parts when fractures
1 should be long enough to immobilize the joint above and below the injured area
2 should be padded in bony areas
3 strips of cloth could be used to hold splint
4 shouldnt be applied over injured area
pneumatic splints
various sizes, shapes for differnt parts of arms and legs (air/vaccum)
whats an air splint
positioned over a fracture site and air pressure used to inflate splint.
whats a vaccum splint
deflated after being postitoned over fracture site, avoid over deflamation
slings
applied where hand higher than elbow ( promotes circulation and prevents edema)
circulation must be checked frequently (skin temp., color, swelling or pain)
move minimal when applying sling
first aid for bone and joint injury
1 SAA
2 observe signs for fracture dislocation or joint injury
3 immobilize the injured part ( dont try to striaghten)
Applying Splints
obtain a splint
2 make sure its long enough to immobilze joint above/below injury
3 position where theres no direct pressure
4 use thick material to make sure bony areas secure
provided first aid for joint and bone injuries
- same as always
- observe signs and symptoms
- immobilize the injured part to prevent movment
first aid on applying splints
- obtain commercial splint or improvise with blankets, newspapers, boards or cardboards.
- make sure its long enough to immobilize the joint both above and below the injury
- make sure it dosent apply direcrt pressure at sight of injury. two splints are usually used, use pillow for cushion
- use thick dressing or clothes to support bony areas
- avoid unnessesaary movment
apply air inflatable splints
- obtain correct splint for injured area
2. some have zippers some you slip on, slip ons, use hand to support injured aread to avoid unessesary movment
eye injury forgein object pertruding
apply dry sterile dressing to obtain object and from moving
get medical help
blow to they eyes
apply sterile dressing and prevent victim from lying down
dirt, lint, stuff in eyes
flush with water and apply sterile gauze
ear injury first aid
- small wounds, apply pressure and apply dressing
- save any torn tissue and wrap in gauze
- keep victim from lying flat but raise head if anything prohibits movment
- if ear drum ruptured, place gauze in ear canal loosely, dont allow victim to hit injured side
- allow fluid to drain from ear, if clear could be coming from brain, lie victim on injured side and let drain. elevate head
head or skull injures
S&S- CSP or blood draining from ears or nose, headaches, visual disterbances, muscle paralysis
- keep victim from lying flat, if no suspect-able neck or spine injury, raise head with pillow or blankets
- look at signs for respitory distress, give rescue breathing if needed
- make no attemps to stop fluid draining
- dont give any liquids, if thirsty, moist towel to lips and tongue.
nosebleeds first aid
-keep quiet and calm
-head slightly forward
-control bleeding, press nostriles in midline
if doesnt stop bleeding, stuck gauze in nostrils and apply pressure to outer surface
- cold compresions on bridge of nose
– if still doesnt stop, fracture is suspected, get medical help
abdomial injury first aid
- S&S- tenderness, protruding organs, open wounds, nasea and vomiting, symptoms of shock
- Position victim flat on his back, pillows or blankets under knees to assist stomach
- if object protruding remove surrounding clothes, surround with moist gauze with sterile or warm tap water, wrap moist dressing with plastic wrap, or aluminum.
- avoid giving fluids and food
injury to genital organs first aid
- control bleeding with sterile gauze
- treat for shock
- dont remove any objects
- save torn tissue and moisten with cool water
- use ice packs
- get medical help
Heart Attack First aid (thrombosis, coronary convulsion, myocardical infarction)
S&S- chest pains, shortness of breath, cyanosis,
- encourage victim to remain calm, place in comforable place,
- shock frequently occurs, aid for shock
- call ems and give asprin to patient ( if certifed to)
CVA first aid
S&S- numbness in half of body, unequal pupil size, slurred speech,
- lie victim flat on back and elevate head and allow secretions to flow, prevent stress,
- get medical help, if blood clots, give TPA to patient if avalaible
fainting first aid
ES&S- dizzines, cold skin
- position head at level of knees
- if faints, support with pillow and place feet 12 inches elevated
Convulsion first aid
- remove dangerous items from area
- dont place anything between victims teeth
- dont try to restrain
- when it passes, let fluids drain, allow to sleep
- get help if it last more than a few minutes or doesnt regain conciousness
Diabetic Coma (hyperglycemia)
S&S- fruitty breath, come lookin, dry tongue, low BP, labored prolonged respirations.
GET MECICAL HELP
insulin shock first aid
S&S- exessive persperation, trembling, shallow rapid respirations, headache
- ask if victim has eaten or insulin shot, give sugar, (cube of sugar or spoonful)
- check if it is either diabetic shock or coma, work from there
