Digestive System Flashcards
Atresia
Imperformation or closure of a normal tubular opening of the body
Alimentary
Pertaining to nutrition
Bile
A yellow or greenish viscid alkaline fluid secreting by the liver, which aids in digestion and absorption of fats
Chyme
The thick, nearly liquid mixture of partly digested food and digestive secretions found in the stomach and small intestine during digestion
Digestion
The process by which food is broken down, mechanically and chemically, in the gastrointestinal tract and is converted into absorbable forms
Diverticulum
A sac or pouch in the walls of an organ
Enzyme
Complex protein which is capable of inducing a chemical change in another substance
Fauces
Constricted opening leading from mouth bound by the soft palate, base of tongue, and palatine arches.
Gastritis
Inflammation of the stomach
Gastroenterology
the branch of medicine science dealing with the physiology and pathology of the stomach, intestine, and relative structures such as the liver gallbladder and pancreas.
Gingivitis
Inflammation of the gums
Hydrochloride Acid
a solution of hydrogen chloride (HCI) present in gastric juice which is necessary for digestion
Masticating
Chewing
Meckel’s Division
A diverticulum of the ileum about three feet above the ileocecal junction
Mesentery
A peritoneal fold encircling the greater part of the small intestine and connecting the intestine to the posterior abdominal wall
Peristalsis
A progressive, wave-like movement that occurs involuntary in hollow tubes of the body, especially the alimentary canal, to force the contents of the tube onward
Peritoneum
The serous membrane reflected over the viscera and lining the abdominal cavity
Peritonitis
inflammation of the peritoneum
Pyloric Stenosis
abnormal narrowing or stricture of the pylorus
Pylorspasm
Spasmodic contraction of the plyorus
Rugae
Folds of mucous membrane seen on internal surface of stomach
Stomatitis
Inflammation of the mouth
Ulcer
An open sore or lesion of the skin or a mucous membrane
How long is the Alimentary canal?
30-32 feet
The alimentary canal is a ____ tube that extends from what-to-what
Long
Mouth to anus
The alimentary canal lies where
Ventral cavity of the body
Alimentary AKA
Gastrointestinal tracts (GI Tract)
What does the Alimentery canal consist of
Primary and accessory organs
Organs that form the Alimentary tract
Mouth Pharynx Esophagus Stomach Small Intestine Large Intestine
Accessory Organs of Alimentary
Teeth Tongue Salivary Glands Pancreas Liver Gallbladder
3 functions of the Digestive System
Breaks down food in preparation of absorption by the body
Absorbs the broken down food
Discharges waste resulting from digestion using large intestine
Anatomy of abdominal-pelvic cavity
- Is the division of the ventral cavity lying inferior to the diaphragm
- Is lined and its organs are covered with a serous membrane known as peritoneum
- The posterior walls are lined with the parietal peritoneum
- The abdominal organs and upper surface of some of the pelvic organs are covered by the visceral peritoneum
- The space between the parietal and viscereal peritoneum is the peritoneal cavity
- The greater omentum is a fatty, apron-shaped, double-fold to peritoneum
- The lesser omentum
The posterior walls are lined with the parietal peritoneum
- projects in a double-fold into the abdominal cavity
- most of the small intestine is attached to its outer edge which is known as mesentery
- the mesentery is a fan-shaped, double fold of parietal peritoneum by which the small intestine is anchored to the to the posterior abdominal wall
- the mesenterys outer edge is 20 feet wide, and the posterior edge is 6 to 8 inches wide
the mesenterys outer edge and the posterior edge is how wide
Mesentery outer edge-20
Posterior edge- 6 to 8
The greater omentum is
- a fatty, apron-shaped, double-fold to peritoneum
- is attatched at its upper border to the duodenum and lower edge of the stomach and transverse colon
- hangs loosley over abdominal viserea
- gives warmth, protection, and aids in walling off localized inflammation in the abdomen when peritonitis is present
Function of the peritoneum
- Prevents friction between contiguous organs by secreting serum which acts as a lubricant
- Holds the abdominal and pelvic organs in position (to limited extent)
- Unites abdominal organs and seperates pelvic organs
Mucosa or mucous Coat
innermost layer lines the organs and contains glands
Submucosa or submucous Coat
Contains blood vessels, lymphatic and nerves
Muscular Coat
Consist of non-straited muscular tissue
Serous Coat (visceral peritoneum)
outtermost coat which covers all parts except the posterior wall of some organs
Mouth
to begin the breakdown of food physically and chemically, and to move food on to the pharynx
Pharynx
to act as a passageway for air from the nasal cavity to the larynx and food from mouth to esophagus, and to act as a resonating cavity for voice production
Esophagus
to act as a passageway for food from pharynx to stomach
Stomach
to connect esophagus to small intestine, to secrete gastric juices which aid in digestion of food, and to serve as a temporary receptacle for food while it undergoes certain mechanical and chemical procces which change food to chyme
Small Intestine
For the greatest amount of digestion and absorbation of food, to receive bile and pancreatic juices, and to produce prosecretin which stimlates the association digestive organs to produce their secretions
Large Intestine
to reabsorb water and to discharge the waste resulting from digestion
Primary organs of the alimentary canal and their function
Mouth Pharynx Esophagus Stomach Small Intestine Large Intestine
Teeth
The chew and grind up food
Tongue
to make speech possible, to taste food, and force food between teeth and move throughout mouth.
Savilary Glands
to secrete saliva which lubricate food making it easier to chew and swallow which contains digestive juices to act upon carbohydrates and swallow food.
Pancreas
has various special cells which produce pancratic juices and insulin
Liver
produces bile, stores glycogen, regulates the changing of glucose to glycogen to glucose, stores iorn and certain vitamins (fat soluble) and changes proteins into substances from elimination
Gallbladder
stores and concentrates bile and contracts to eject bile into small intestine when needed
Mouth description
- Nearly oval-shaped cavity enclosed by cheecks and lips
- Roof of mouth is formed by the hand and soft palate
- Most of the floor of the mouth is formed by the tounge
- the mouth contains teeth which physically break down food
The teeth are in sockets called
Alveolar processes
The teeth sockets are lined with what? and attach the teeth to what
- peridental membrane
- attach the teeth to a source of nourishment
what covers the teeth sockets
the gums
the gums are made of what? and are covered by what?
- dense connective tissue
- mucous membrane and are gingiva
20 _________ _____ appear 6 months to 1 year of age and shed from _to__
deciduous teeth
6 to 13
__ teeth replace the decidous teeth at age 6 to __ and third molars (_____ ____) last to grow in
32
17
wisdom teeth
how many pairs of salivary glands does the mouth have
3 pairs
4 types of teeth
Incisors
Cuspid
Bicuspids
Tricuspid
incisor teeth
(8) adapt for biting food
cuspid teeth
(4) adapt for biting and tearing food
bicuspid teeth
(8) adapt for grinding food
Tricuspid teeth
(12) adapt for crushing food
Three Potions of Teeth
Root
Neck
Crown
the three salivary glands
partoid
submandibular
sublingual
Partoid
largest gland located under and in front of each ear, secrete clear, watery serous fluid and an enzyme called amylace
SubMadibular
glands located in the posterior part of the floor of the mouth; secrete primarily serous fluid with some mucus
Sublingual
glands located in the anterior part of the floor of the mouth; secrete primarily thick mucus
Soft Palate
- is a movable fold of mucous membrane suspended from the posterior border
- hanging from its lower border is a conical process called the uvula
- prevents passage of food to nose
Hard Palate
Consist of a hard portion in front formed processes of the maxillae and palatine bones which are coverd by periosternum and mucous membrane
Aids in speech production
Esophagus Description
- Is a muscular, collapsible tube about 10 inches long, which begin at the lower end of the pharynx and ends in upper or cardiac portion of the stomach
- Has no peritoneal coat as it lies in the thoracic cavity
- Lies posterior to the heart and trachea
- Goes through the esophagus hiatus in the diaphragm in its descent from the thoracic to the abdominal cavity
- Walls of the esophagus are composed of four layers:
- Food is propelled into the stomach by peristaltic contractions
the four layers of the esophagus
Serous or fibrous coat
muscular coat
sub-mucous coat
mucous coat
Stomach description
- Is an elongated pouch lying obliquely in the left upper quadrant in the epigastric, umbilical, and left hypochondriac regions
- Size varies with sex and other factors
- Can hold up to two quarts of food until it is ready to be received into the small intestine
- Dilates according to amount of food ingested
- When not distended, the mucous coat lies in folds known as rugae.
Two opening of the stomach
cardiac
pyloric
Cardiac Stomach Opening
Located at the upper end of the stomach where the esophagus joins the stomach
Pyloric Stomach Opening
Located at the lower end of the stomach where the stomach joins the small intestine (duodenum)
The two curvatures of the stomach
Lesser
Greater
Greater Curvatures
Lower convex edge from the cardiac opening to the pyloric opening
Lesser Curvature
Upper concave edge of the stomach from the cardiac opening to the pyloric opening
Parts of the stomach
Fundus
Body
pylorus
Fundus of the body
the portion located above the cardiac opening
Body of stomach
central portion of the stomach
Pylorus of the body
Constricted part before the pyloric opening
Blood Supply to the stomach
- Comes from the gastric artery which is one of the three division of the celiac artery
- Gastric veins unite with the superior mesenteric vein which empties into the portal vein
Nerve Supply of the stomach
- Receives terminal branches of the right vagus nerve to the dorsal side of the stomach
- Receives terminal branches of the left vagus nerve to the ventral side of the stomach
- Receives thoracolumbar (sympathetic) autonomic nerve fibers from the celiac plexus
The Small Intestine Description
- Consist of a tube about 1/2 to 1 inch in diameter and about 20 to 23 feet long
- Extends from the pyloric opening to the ileocecal valve (opening to the colon)
- Is located in the central and lower part of the abdominal cavity
- Greatest amount of digestion and absorption occurs here
- Has folds of rugae which have two purpose
- Throughout the small intestine, there are microscopic, velvety- appearing, fingerlike projection known as villi
how long is the small intestine and how wide
1/2 to 1 inch in diameter and 20-23 feet long
where is the small intestine located
central and lower part of the cavity
purpose of the rugae of the small intestine
- To prevent food from passing through the intestines too quickly
- To present a greater surface area for the absorption of digested food
The large intestine description
- Consist of a tube about 2 1/2 inches in diameter which decrease in size toward the end of the tube, and is approximately 5-6 feet long
- Extends from the ileum to the anus
- The mucous lining has no villi
- The mucous lining contains intestinal glands and solitary lymph nodes
width and length of the large intestine
2 1/2 inches of diameter
5-6 feet long
