Respiratory Viruses And Covid 19

Question 1

Rhinitis

Answer 1

Colds

Swelling redness runny nose not major issues

Question 2

Rhinitis are caused by

Answer 2

Corona viruses and rhinoviruses

Question 3

Hantavirus

Answer 3

Sporadic outbreaks in the US
Spread of mice
Outbreaks all related to increases in rodent populations

Fatality rate of 33%

Question 4

Measles

Answer 4

Caused by paramyxovoridae

sSRNA enveloped virus

Question 5

Why is one of the most contagious disease ever discovered

Answer 5

Measles

Can be detected in the air and on fomites in an area where an infected person has coughed up to two hours later

Question 6

Symptoms of measles

Answer 6

Fever watery eyes dry cough etc

White spots in mouth called kopliks spots
Begins on face then spreads
Fever spikes

Question 7

Complications of measles

Answer 7

Ear infections
Diabetes

Pneumonia
Enchaphlitis (swelling of the brain)

Subacute sclerosis from oananchalitis (Dawson’s disease) chronic progressive brain inflammation

Question 8

Measles numbers after vaccination

Answer 8

From 200,000 cases 1963 to about 200 in 2002

Current day: 23 separate outbreaks. Why?

Question 9

Influenza

Answer 9

Second most common virus after rhinovirus
Most major are from GROUP A

cases increasing drastically in morbidity

Question 10

Influenza is what kind of cell

Answer 10

Single stranded RNA virus

Question 11

Influenza goes from RNA to what

Answer 11

sSRNA to mRNA

(No DNA) step unlike HIV

Question 12

How many genes does influenza have

Answer 12

10

Question 13

How many RNA strands with regions that code for different protiens on each strand for influenza

Answer 13

8

Question 14

What does it mean that influenza has no proofreading enzymes

Answer 14

Mistakes approximately made once every 10,000 nucleotide so the degree of mutation is very high

Question 15

2 major antigens in influence surface

Answer 15

Hemagglutinin

Neuraminidase

Question 16

Hemaggkutinin

Answer 16

Binds to host cell receptors for docking (influenza)

Question 17

Neuraminidase

Answer 17

Digests away mucus in surface respiratory cells (influenza)

Question 18

We name strains of influenza protiens based on what

Answer 18

Different forms of hemagglutinin and neuraminidase

Question 19

Antigenic drift

Answer 19

Mutations lead to changes in surface antigens because of natural mutation

Question 20

Why would u want a high rate of mutation for an antibody binding site

Answer 20

If you can change the structure of site for antibody binding then the body needs to learn all over again how to fight a new structure

Question 21

Antigenic shift

Answer 21

Viruses are sloppy, you get mix ups of RNA inside viruses so it’s swapping whole RNA strands (each with 1 or more genes) with other viruses

So you can get human influenza with a duck antigen

Question 22

Antigenic shift consequences

Answer 22

Any prior immunity is lost
Vaccines may be in effective
Major flu pandemics start this way (swine flu, bird flu)

Question 23

Influenza vaccine information

Answer 23

Vaccine is determined each summer based on observed strains from the year before the strains are prevelanr in other countries

Question 24

How does influenza virus bind and infect

Answer 24

Virus binds to ciliates cells lining the respiratory system

Dry cold air disrepute mucus and cell structure underneath, making the respiratory mucosa more susceptibility to viral infection

Question 25

Two previous recent outbreaks due to coronavirus

Answer 25

SARS (2002-2003) ASIA MERS (2012-2019) Saudi Arabia Super her fatality rate even if infections numbers are not super high

Question 26

What kind of cell is coronavirus

Answer 26

Large enveloped RNA virus rhat infect birds and a wide range of mammals including humans Large so it engulfs the cell Enveloped so it doesnt survive well outside of body (dries out) RNA so it has a higher probability to infect new host species because of it exceptionally shorter generation time and faster revolutionary rate

Question 27

What is SARS

Answer 27

severe acute respiratory syndrome Caused by a coronavirus Enveloped

Question 28

SARS pandemic season

Answer 28

Flu season like winter (when people are more vulnerable)

Question 29

First SARS patient

Answer 29

45 year old man in China

Question 30

International outbreak of SARS

Answer 30

Medical doctor brought it to hotel of dozens of people By the end of that month 156 patient had SARS

Question 31

What does SARS do in the body

Answer 31

In addition to flu like symptoms, it causes muscle pain, labored breathing,

Question 32

Where does SARS 1 come from

Answer 32

Palm civets

Question 33

Primary method of transmission for SARS 1

Answer 33

Respiratory droplets Some limited evidence of fomite transfer Small number from sewage transport

Question 34

Method of SARS

Answer 34

virus enters the body through the respiratory tract Infects the epithelial cells of the airway and lungs by binding to the ACE 2 receptor and entering the cytoplasm of the cell Pneumonia results leading to inflammation alveolar collapse recruitment of macrophages and formation of syncytia As it proliferate the virus also affects immune cells and can be carried immune organs including the spleen lymph nodes and other lymphoid tissue

Question 35

MERS

Answer 35

Middle East respiratory syndrome Single stranded RNA viruses Enveloped

Question 36

Clinical features of MERS

Answer 36

rapidly progress and leads more to organ failure

Question 37

Mkre white color in lung images

Answer 37

More collapsed alveoli

Question 38

Transmission of MERS

Answer 38

camels to humans direct or indirect contact Possibly came from Bats

Question 39

Mechanism of MERS

Answer 39

Used DPP4 which is common amongst a wide range of organisms Pneumonia results leading to inflammation, alveolar collapse, recruitment of macrophages and neutrophils

Question 40

How to be eligible for SARS and MERS testing

Answer 40

Exposure to infection as well as symptoms

Question 41

Tests for SARS and MERS

Answer 41

Antibody tests Nucleic acid tests Lymphocyte count can help predict patient outcomes

Question 42

Steps of outbreak containment

Answer 42

``` Public alert issued on personal protection. Addition of SARS as notable disease Suspension of schools Limitation on travel Isolation of residents Home quarantining Body temp checks ```

Question 43

How does SARS covid 2 infect a cell

Answer 43

1. Virus enters through nasal passages 2. The spike protein attaches to cell receptors —angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) 3. Viral membrane fuses with the cell membrane 4. RNA genome is released into the cell 5. Cell replicates virus using its RNA genome

Question 44

What are the differences between DNA and RNA viruses

Answer 44

Do you know viruses are mostly double stranded while RNA bars are single-stranded. RNA mutation rate is higher than the DNA mutation rate. DNA replication takes place in the nucleus well RNA replication takes place in the cytoplasm. DNA viruses are stable while our new viruses are unstable