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human infectious diseases > Portals and parts > Flashcards

Portals and parts Flashcards

1
Q

Integumentary system

A

Skin
Forms the extertrnal body covering, and protects deeper tissues from injury
Many microbes live on the skin
Damage to the skin almost always results in some type of infection

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2
Q

The surface layer of skin is what

A

Densely packed layers of dead cells

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3
Q

Sebum

A

Secretion from skin
Oil from sebaceous glands

High lipid content but low PH (acidic)
LIPID BREAKDOWN products are toxic to some bacteria

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4
Q

Characteristics of sweat from sweat glands

A

Containers lysosome
High salt content
Low PH

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5
Q

Popular bacteria on skin

A

Staphylococcus - causes staph

Streptococcus- causes strep

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6
Q

Nervous system

A

Brain, nerves, spine
Fast acting control system of the body
It responds to internal and external changes by activating appropriate muscles and glands
Immuno privelaged- kept largely separate from rest of body— only certain chemicals can get through

The heart pumps blood, bone marrow, producers blood cells

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7
Q

The nervous system is split into what two systems

A

Central
Brain
Spinal chord

Peripheral shstem
Nerves
Ganglia

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8
Q

Cerebrospinal fluid

A

Derived from blood
Circulates around brain and meninges

Contents are selected from blood by blood brain barrier, other materials not allowed in brain
Brain is an immuno-privelaged site

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9
Q

Synapse structure

A

Nerves carry electrical signal- impulses

They result in the production and release of synaptic vesicles (bubble of cell membrane that contains something)
Electrical signal travels down nerve
Encourages the release of synaptic vesicles
And the nerve sends that signal

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10
Q

Endocrine system

A

Glands secrete hormones rhat regulate processes such as growth, reproduction, and nutrient use (metabolism) by body cells

Relates to the circulatory system

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11
Q

Cardiovascular system

A

Heart, blood vessels

Pump blood, bone marrow

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12
Q

Lymphatic system

A

Picks up fluid from tissues and returns it to blood

Houses white blood cells involved in immunity

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13
Q

Lymphatic capillaries

A

Suck fluid back up

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14
Q

Viremia

A

Viruses in the bloodstream

Example: HIV

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15
Q

Septicemia

A

Bacteria in the bloodstream

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16
Q

Sepsis

A

A large scale innate immune response (usually inflammation) as a result of septicemia
Can occur when an infection from elsewhere breaks into the blood vessels and spreads throughout the body

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17
Q

Where do bacteria get into bloodstream with septicemia

A

Some sort of lung infection
Urinary tract infections

Most likely ^^

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18
Q

Respiratory system

A

Allows for aerobic respiration

Keeps blood and cells of body constantly supplied with oxygen

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19
Q

Immune system of the respiratory system

A

Highly specialized
Produces mucus and cilia

They make a surface that make it hard for bacteria to attach to

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20
Q

Alveoli

A

Site if gas exchange between air and blood
Highly vascularized, some pathogens can cross into bloodstreams here
Alveoli are protected by a resident macrophage population that engulf and destroy foreign invaders

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21
Q

What happens during a gastroinestrincal infection

A

If the symptoms are in the higher part of digestive system, then this causes vomiting

If I’m the lower part then diarrhea is mkre cmmin

For both, this leads to dehydration

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22
Q

Urinary system

A

Eliminates nitrogen waste from body

Regulates water, electrolyte, acid base balance of blood

23
Q

Urinary tract constituents of

A

Kidneys -removed small molecules from blood and converts to urine
Ureters

24
Q

Urinary bladder

A

Where the urine is stored

Triangle shaped musicalar organ

25
Q

Urine contains

A

Lysozime, lactoferrin

Lactoferrin is an iron sequestration molecule that limits the growth of bacteria usually found in secretory substances and secreted by immune cells

26
Q

We get an infection when

A

Microbes cross to a new previously uncolonized area
Example UTI

when microbes acquire new disease causing traits
Ex. E.coli food poisoning

Microbes grow in higher numbers than usual
Ex: yeast infections

New microbes
Defenses are down

27
Q

Pathogenicity

A

A potential capacity of a pathogen to cause disease

28
Q

Virulence

A

A pathogens ability to infect or damage a host

29
Q

Virulence factors

A

Features of pathogens that help them overcome our defenses

30
Q

Opportunistic pathogens vs primary pathogens

A

Opportunistic- not necessarily a problem UNTIL they cause disease. Example: staf infection
Primary- always cause disease

31
Q

Toxins as a virulence factor

A

Chemical products of microbes that are poisonous to host organism

This means the pathogen doesn’t necessarily cause the disease but what they produce

32
Q

Endotoxins

A

Refers specifically to a component of the bacterial cell wall, triggers inflammation and fever

33
Q

Exotoxins

A

Refers to any type of toxin released by a pathogen secreted away from the cell

34
Q

3 types of exotoxins

A

Signal propagated inside cell
Break membrane apart
Pull the whole toxin itself into the cell

35
Q

5 stages of infection

A 
Entry 
Adhesive to host tissue 
Invade tissues to obtain nutrients 
Evade immune response and replicate 
Spread to new host
36
Q

Step 1: entry of infection

A

Portals of entry
The way the infection gets in is how we identify them

Pathogens can get in through blood

37
Q

Vectors

A

Blood sucking insects or Arthropoda like ticks and mosquitos

38
Q

Infectious dose

A

How many microbes it takes to initiate an infection
Varies by pathogen

TB requires only 10 cells
Cholera requires 1 billion

39
Q

How are enzymes sometimes used in invasion

A

Some pathogens secrete tissue digesting enzymes to break down barriers

40
Q

Motility

A

Helps to make invasion possible, after moving

41
Q

How do we try to evade infection or infectious pathogens

A

Host cells (immune cells) will try to eat pathogens, disable pathogens etc

42
Q

3 methods for evading the immune response

A
  1. Antigen masking: pathogen steals own membrane and puts them all over itself to pretend to be a host cell so when immune cell comes along it jusr seee another host cells
  2. Antigen mimickery: pathogens own factors look like others in advance
  3. Antigen variation: in the process of infection, pathogen switches disguise so that the immune system can’t keep up easily
43
Q

Pathogens can cause damage in 2 ways

A

Directly by secreting damaging chemicals

Indirectly inducing the hosts immune defenses (particularly if immune response is excessive or inappropriate)…

44
Q

Things to look for if there are no detectable symptoms

A

Changes to immune cell populations
Presence of antibodies specific to

If pathogens gain access to blood: septicemia or viremia

45
Q

Portals of exit

A

The way that diseases leave the body to infect others

Example, through urine, through feces, through skin warts or bumps, coughing, sneezing, etc

46
Q

Norovirus

A

Vomiting bug that spreads in places like cruise ships cuz they can stay on surface for up to two weeks

47
Q

Incubation period

A

No symptoms but pathogen is in the host initiating damage

The time between an infectious takes route and you take to see symptoms

48
Q

Latency

A

Symptoms subside, but pathogen is still hanging out

Example: mono

49
Q

Horizontal transmission

A

One person to another

50
Q

Vertical transmission

A

Mother to child

51
Q

Fomites

A

Indirect method of getting a disease (doorknobs, phones, handles)

Non living surfaces rhat transfer disease

52
Q

Zoonoses

A

Diseases transmitted from animals to humans

53
Q

Dead end transmission

A

Human to human can’t happen only animal to human for example rabies

54
Q

Spillover event

A

The moment the disease transfers from one species to another

human infectious diseases (13 decks)

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