History Flashcards
What is morbidity
The rate of illness to do a disease
What is mortality
The rate of death due to a disease
The world health organization does what
Monitors, makes recommendations worldwide, task force of aid workers
US Center for disease control or the CDC
Monitors and makes recommendations nationally sets healthcare standards, has small task force of aid workers
What did Hippocrates do
Recorded theories on the occurrences of diseases in his treaties Ayres waters and places
He attributed illness to characteristics of climate soil water motive life and nutrition
He also coined the terms epidemic and endemic differentiate between disease is always present from diseases that sometimes occur in large numbers of people
Endemic definition
Diseases that are always present
What is an epidemic
Diseases that sometimes occur in large numbers
What was germ theory and who pioneered it
Gorolamo fracastoro
He proposed that Seminario (little seeds) caused disease
He identified roots of transmission: direct contact for mites and airborne
He believed that they were influenced by planetary conjugation, particularly sad and Jupiter and Mars
Leeuwenhoek microscope
Created the first microscope
Observed plaque from his teeth, pond water, feces and many other substances
He called the organisms that he saw animalcules
Variolation or inoculation
Intentional inoculation of healthy people with agents of a serious disease
Systemically attempted in around 16 5080
Cotton mather learned about the practice from an African slave one sinus who was inoculated as a child in Africa
This practice lead directly to the practice of vaccinations
What were infections thought to be due to before better information
They were thought to be due to my asthma or bad air, like salmon area. Mold spoiled food mushrooms etc. we’re all thought to rise be a spontaneous generation
Who was Joseph Lister and what did he do
Started experimenting with washing hands bring it aseptic during surgery and washing going to the bleach and boric acid
Senmelweis
Proved that childbed fever after surgery was less prone if doctors washed their hands
In modern times he’s described as the savior of mothers because his findings were used to reduce postpartum mortality
Louis pasteur
From his experiment he developed and published his germ theory of disease, suggesting that microbes cause disease not miasma
How did HIV start
It evolved from a precursor found in champs SIV which has been prevalent in chimpanzees for thousands of years and humans have lived in close contact with and hunted chips for 2000 years
1918 Spanish flu
1/3 of the worlds population was infected 10 to 20% infected died
The smallest unit of
atoms
What are element
Substances that contain only one type of Atoms
What happens when Adams form bonds with each other
Generate molecules that have different characteristics than single atoms like a copper and lead
Protons
Subatomic particles that contain a positive charge and that are found in the nucleus
Neutrons
Subatomic particles with a neutral charge found in the nucleus
Electrons
subatomic particles with a negative charge found in orbitals clouds around the nucleus
Atomic number
The number of protons in and Adam determines what element it is
The number right under the name
If an atom contains an equal number of protons and electrons what is it electric charge
0
Ions
Atoms that gain or lose electrons and does have a net positive or net negative charge
What effect do neutrons have on the atom
Neutrons have no effect on the charge of an atom but do sometimes affect its property
What four elements make up about 95% of the mass of living organism
Water accounts for much of the H and O
C is the backbone of all the biological macromolecules
Nitrogen is found in proteins
Less than 1% of seven mineral elements
Less than .01% of trace elements yet they are essential for normal growth and function
What is a molecule
Two or more atoms bonded together
Molecular formula
Contains chemical symbols of the elements in the molecule like C6 H 1206
Subscripts indicate how many of each item are present
For example H2O has two hydrogen and one oxygen
What is a compound
Any molecule composed of two or more elements
N2and 02 are examples of molecules that are not compounds
What is an ionic bond
Medium: bonded atoms are fully ionized and have opposite charges
What is a covalent bond
Strongest: joined atoms share least one pair of valence electrons can be polar or nonpolar most common bond in biological molecules
What is a hydrogen bond
Weakest: joins an H atom in one molecule with an electronegative atom in the same or nearby molecule. Contribute to shape of macromolecules, surface tension of water, etc
Why can polar molecules exhibit hydrogen bonding
The H atom from a polar molecule is attracted to an electronegative atom of another polar molecule individually these are weak bonds that conform and break easily and cannot hold a molecule together collectively many H bonds can be strong they can hold DNA strands together hold proteins in their shape and can even hold the weight of some animals
All cells and all organisms are made up of four chemical ingredient
Carbohydrates lipids proteins and nucleic acid (DNA, RNA)
A single unit of a molecule is called
Monomer
A bunch of monomers together is called a
Polymer
Dehydration reaction
Building a polymer from monomers is called
Breaking down a polymer is called
Hydrolysis reaction
What is the monomer of carbohydrate
Monosaccharide
What is the polymer of carbohydrate
Disaccharide polysaccharide or starch
What are the two main roles that carbohydrates serve in animals
Energy storage and structure
To famous carbohydrate monomers
Glucose fructose
Famous polymer carbohydrates
Sucrose lactose cellulose glycogen
Characteristics of lipid
Composed predominately of hydrogen and carbon, defining feature of lipids is that they are very insoluble and equally solutions or hydrophobic, they exclude water. Lipids include substances because that’s oils phospholipid steroids waxes etc.
Three main roles that lipids serve an animal
Energy storage fats, formation of cell membranes, cell cell signaling steroid hormone
The head of a lipid is
Hydrophilic
The tale of a lipid is
Hydrophobic
Characteristics of proteins
Most versatile of bio molecules
Monomer of protein
Amino acid
Polymer proteins
Polypeptide
Different types of protiens
Enzymes, I mean proteins, transporters, structural proteins
Monomers of nucleic acid
Nucleotide
Polymer of nucleic acid
Nucleic acid
Functions of nucleic acid
Carrie code for proteins synthesis,
Contemporarily store energy
Every cell is bound by
A membrane made of lipids
