Antibiotics

Question 1

Prophylaxis

Answer 1

Preventative treatment usually high risk groups

Question 2

Antimicrobial

Answer 2

Drug that is effective against microbes

Question 3

Antibiotic

Answer 3

Drugs affective against bacteria made by another microbes sometimes used to synonimousky with antimicrobial

Question 4

Antimicrobial characteristics

Answer 4

Toxic to microbe, not the hosts
Kills all microbes
Easy to take
Functions in body liquid
Stays in system long enough to be effective but not long enough to cause damages
Allows immune system to still act against microbe

Question 5

Origins of antibiotics

Answer 5

Discovered by Alexander Fleming (penicillin)

More natural antibiotics are discovered, largely from soil dwelling bacteria

Question 6

Narrow spectrum antibiotics

Answer 6

Antibiotics effective against only some bacteria (gram positive)

Question 7

Broad spectrum antibiotics

Answer 7

Antiobiotics effective against a wide variety of bacteria (both gram positive and negative

Question 8

Action at the ribosome (antibiotics)

Answer 8

The large part of the ribosome is attacked
As well as the small part

So the bacteria die and are not able to make more protein

Question 9

Action at the cell envelope l

Answer 9

Penicillin (or anything that ends with cilin) work to block cell wall

Question 10

Cell membrane inhibitor

Answer 10

Causes loss of selective permeability
(Polymyxins)
(Daptomycin)

Question 11

Bacteria have two ways around drugs

Answer 11

1. Biofilms— Mats of bacteria. Such as plaque, it’s a layer of bacteria and the stuff they are secreting around them. Important to remov because eroieion can occur

Question 12

Antifungals

Answer 12

Fungi are eukaryotic so we have a less likelihood to be able to target them

Question 13

Drugs to treat protozoan infections

Answer 13

Diverse array of drugs
Targeted to specific Protozoa
Often specific for portions of lifecycle
Basic biology of the Protozoa must be understood

Question 14

Antivirals

Answer 14

How to affect the virus without affecting the cell that it is in?
3 mechanisms:
1. Block docking/penetration of virus into host cell
2. Block transcription/translation
3. Preventing the maturation/assembly of viral particles

Question 15

Nucleotide analogs

Answer 15

Fake nucleotides that are incooperated into mRNA transcripts or genome of the viruses (a way to block viruses)

Question 16

Antimicrobial resistance

Red queen theory

Answer 16

Red queen theory

If many antibiotics are made by microbes to compete with other microbes, it makes sense that many microbes would naturally have resistance to their own chemicals or others

Question 17

If DNA mutations are common and bacteria are ubiquitous and double frequently then

Answer 17

It’s only a matter of time until the bacteria get a mutation that’s beneficial to them

Question 18

Horizontal transfer

Answer 18

Bacteria giving each other resistance